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The effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2

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dc.contributor.authorVunjia Tiongen_US
dc.contributor.authorPouya Hassandarvishen_US
dc.contributor.authorSazaly Abu Bakaren_US
dc.contributor.authorNurul Azmawati Binti Mohamed @ Abd Azizen_US
dc.contributor.authorWan Shahida Binti Wan Sulaimanen_US
dc.contributor.authorNizam Bin Baharomen_US
dc.contributor.authorFarishah Nur Abdul Samaden_US
dc.contributor.authorChe Ilina Binti Che Isahaken_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-27T14:35:44Z
dc.date.available2024-05-27T14:35:44Z
dc.date.issued2021
dc.date.submitted2021-11-25
dc.description.abstractThe COVID-19 is difficult to contain due to its high transmissibility rate and a long incubation period of 5 to 14 days. Moreover, more than half of the infected patients were young and asymptomatic. Virus transmission through asymptomatic patients is a major challenge to disease containment. Due to limited treatment options, preventive measures play major role in controlling the disease spread. Gargling with antiseptic formulation may have potential role in eliminating the virus in the throat. Four commercially available mouthwash/gargle formulations were tested for virucidal activity against SARS-CoV-2 in both clean (0.3 g/l BSA) and dirty (0.3 g/l BSA + 3 mL/L human erythrocytes) conditions at time points 30 and 60 s. The virus was isolated and propagated in Vero E6 cells. The cytotoxicity of the products to the Vero E6 was evaluated by kill time assay based on the European Standard EN14476:2013/FprA1:2015 protocol. Virus titres were calculated as 50% tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50/mL) using the Spearman-Karber method. A reduction in virus titer of 4 log10 corresponds to an inactivation of ≥ 99.99%. Formulations with cetylperidinium chloride, chlorhexidine and hexitidine achieved > 4 log10 reduction in viral titres when exposed within 30 s under both clean and dirty conditions. Thymol formulations achieved only 0.5 log10 reduction in viral titres. In addition, salt water was not proven effective. Gargle formulations with cetylperidinium chloride, chlorhexidine and hexetidine have great potential in reducing SAR-CoV-2 at the source of entry into the body, thus minimizing risk of transmission of COVID-19.en_US
dc.identifier.citationTiong, V., Hassandarvish, P., Bakar, S.A. et al. The effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 11, 20502 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-99866-wen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1038/s41598-021-99866-w
dc.identifier.epage7
dc.identifier.issn2045-2322
dc.identifier.other900-48
dc.identifier.spage1
dc.identifier.urihttps://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/3376
dc.identifier.volume11
dc.language.isoenen_US
dc.publisherNature Publishing Groupen_US
dc.relation.ispartofScientific Reportsen_US
dc.subjectMedical research, Microbiologyen_US
dc.titleThe effectiveness of various gargle formulations and salt water against SARS-CoV-2en_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication

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