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Influence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on reduction behavior of iron oxide at high temperature: Effect on reduction gas concentrations

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dc.contributor.authorAbu Tahari M.N.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSalleh F.en_US
dc.contributor.authorTengku Saharuddin T.S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSamsuri A.en_US
dc.contributor.authorSamidin S.en_US
dc.contributor.authorYarmo M.A.en_US
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-29T02:08:42Z
dc.date.available2024-05-29T02:08:42Z
dc.date.issued2020
dc.descriptionInternational Journal of Hydrogen Energy Volume 46, Issue 48, 13 July 2021, Pages 24791-24805en_US
dc.description.abstractThe purposes of this study are to reduce Fe2O3 using hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO) gases at a high temperature zone (500 °C–900 °C) by focusing on the influence of reduction gas concentrations. Reduction behavior of hematite (Fe2O3) at high temperature was examined using temperature programmed reduction (TPR) under non-isothermal conditions with the presence of 10% H2/N2, 20% H2/N2, 10% CO/N2, 20% CO/N2 and 40% CO/N2. The TPRCO results indicated that the first and second reduction peaks of Fe2O3 at a temperature below 660 °C appeared rapidly when compared to TPRH2. However, TPRH2 exhibited a better reduction in which Fe2O3 entirely reduced to Fe at temperature 800 °C (20% H2) without any remaining of wustite (FeO) whereas a temperature above 900 °C is needed for a complete reduction in 10% H2/N2, 10% and 20% CO/N2. Furthermore, the reduction of hematite could be improved when increasing CO and H2 concentrations since reduction profiles were shifted to a lower temperature. Thermodynamic calculation has shown that enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHr) for all phases transformation in CO atmosphere is significantly lower than in H2. This disclosed that CO is the best reductant as it is a more exothermic, more spontaneous reaction and able to initiate the reduction at a much lower temperature than H2 atmosphere. Nevertheless, the reduction of hematite using CO completed at a temperature slightly higher compared to H2. It is due to the presence of an additional carburization reaction which is a phase transformation of wustite to iron carbide (FeO → Fe3C). Carburization started at the end of the second stage reduction at 600 °C and 630 °C under 20% and 40% CO, respectively. Therefore, reduction by CO encouraged the formation of carbide, slower the reduction and completed at high temperature. XRD analysis disclosed the formation of austenite during the final stage of a reduction under further exposure with high CO concentration. Overall, less energy consumption needed during the first and second stages of reduction by CO, the formation of iron carbide and austenite were enhanced with the presence of higher CO concentration. Meanwhile, H2 has stimulated the formation of pure metallic iron (Fe), completed the reduction faster, considered as the strongest reducing agent than CO and these are effective at a higher temperature. Proposed iron phase transformation under different reducing agent concentrations are as followed: (a) 10% H2, 20% H2 and 10% C; Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe, (b) 20% CO; Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe3C → Fe and (c) 40% CO; Fe2O3 → Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe3C → Fe → F,C (austenite). © 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLCen_US
dc.identifier.doi10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.06.250
dc.identifier.epage24805
dc.identifier.issn3603199
dc.identifier.issue48
dc.identifier.scopus2-s2.0-85088876211
dc.identifier.spage24791
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85088876211&doi=10.1016%2fj.ijhydene.2020.06.250&partnerID=40&md5=f589eac71a27547e0973882f000fa6fc
dc.identifier.urihttps://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0360319920324411?via%3Dihub
dc.identifier.urihttps://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/10438
dc.identifier.volume46
dc.languageEnglish
dc.language.isoen_USen_US
dc.publisherElsevier Ltden_US
dc.relation.ispartofMalaysian Journal of Pathologyen_US
dc.sourceScopus
dc.subjectAusteniteen_US
dc.subjectCarbon monoxideen_US
dc.subjectHematiteen_US
dc.subjectHydrogenen_US
dc.subjectReductionen_US
dc.subjectWustiteen_US
dc.titleInfluence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide on reduction behavior of iron oxide at high temperature: Effect on reduction gas concentrationsen_US
dc.typeArticleen_US
dspace.entity.typePublication

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