Scientific Perspectives on Surah al-Fīl (105:4): An Interdisciplinary Exploration of Ḥijārah min Sijjīl

According to Surah al-Fīl (105:4), Abrahah's army was destroyed by flocks of birds that pelted them with "stones of baked clay," or ḥijārah min sijjīl. Although the focus of this report is on Qur'anic descriptions, it also encourages scientific investigation. Several interpretations are consistent with contemporary science: (i) epidemiology and microbiology, where disease-like smallpox could be spread by contaminated particles or bird droppings; (ii) geology, where "baked stones" might represent meteorites or volcanic debris; and (iii) nanoscience, where the influence of tiny, invisible forces is analogous to that of microorganisms or nanoparticles on much larger entities. These viewpoints show how study of natural phenomena and their scientific explanations can be inspired by Qur'anic descriptions. This research examines the event using environmental science, geology, and microbiology to show how Qur'anic narratives can be integrated with contemporary scientific knowledge to provide a multidisciplinary bridge between faith and science.