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Multiple Myeloma: Challenges Encountered and Future Options for Better Treatment
Journal
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Date Issued
2022
Author(s)
Srijit Das
Norsham Juliana
Noor Anisah Abu Yazit
Sahar Azmani
Izuddin Fahmy Abu
DOI
10.3390/ijms23031649
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant hematological disease. The disease is characterized by the clonal proliferation of malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow. MM accounts for 1.3% of all malignancies and has been increasing in incidence all over the world. Various genetic abnormalities, mutations, and translocation, including epigenetic modifications, are known to contribute to the disease’s pathophysiology. The prognosis is good if detected early, or else the outcome is very bad if distant metastasis has already occurred. Conventional treatment with drugs poses a challenge when there is drug resistance. In the present review, we discuss multiple myeloma and its treatment, drug resistance, the molecular basis of epigenetic regulation, the role of natural products in epigenetic regulators, diet, physical activity, addiction, and environmental pollutants, which may be beneficial for clinicians and researchers.
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