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Document Falsification/Forgery from the View of Islamic Jurisprudence and Malaysian Law
Journal
Al-Jamiah Journal of Islamic Studies
Date Issued
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2019.572.459-498
Abstract
Although the scholars of Islamic jurisprudence discussed the importance of
document and its strength as a mean of proof, they did not discuss the issue
of forgery unless slightly compared with the scholars of law. This is due to its
limited extension and uses in the period of times. And with the frequent use
of them in our time, the debates have extended towards several circumstances
either to attempt for or to deny a forgery. Therefore, this research is conducted to
study the document falsification from the perspectives of Islamic Jurisprudence
and Malaysian Law. It is also to explain the definition, procedure and methods
to identify the crime and its punishment. The study used inductive and content
analysis methods on previous scholars’ opinions, discussions and explanation
from two different legal institutions. This study found the following important
results: The are many forms of forgery occur in this era and can be classified
either as material or incorporeal fraud. Several implications have been issued
against the forgery crime in the Malaysian Penal Code, such as imprisonment,
lashes and fines. The Islamic jurisprudence and the Malaysian Evidence Act
1950 has established several methods to verify the validity of documents such
as confession, testimony, expert opinion, and oath, but the opinion of the
expert is the most important means in verifying the authenticity and originality
of documents. This study also found that the Malaysian Evidence Law did
not discuss the oath as a mean to verify documents. As analysed, the method
to verify documents discussed in the books of jurisprudence is very different
from that of the Malaysian Evidence Act 1950, which specifies the conditions
of documents and the number of witnesses, but the law does not specify the
number of witnesses and impose conditions only.
[Meskipun para ahli tata hukum Islam membahas pentingnya sebuah
dokumen sebagai alat bukti, namun mereka kurang membahas persoalan
pemalsuan dokumen sedalam para ahli hukum konvensional. Hal ini terkait
dengan terbatasnya waktu dan kuantitas penggunaan, sehingga frekuensi
penggunaannya memunculkan debat yang panjang, baik yang menerima
atau yang menolak soal pemalsuan. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini membahas
pemalsuan dokumen dari perspektif tata hukum Islam dan hukum nasional
di Malaysia. Artikel ini juga menjelaskan definisi, prosedur, dan metode
identifikasi kejahatan ini serta hukumannya. Penulis menggunakan metode
induktif dan analisis isi pada opini, perdebatan, dan penjelasan dari dua
institusi hukum yang berbeda. Kajian ini menyimpulkan adanya beragam
bentuk pemalsuan dewasa ini, baik material atau non material. Beberapa
aturan hukum telah dikeluarkan di Malaysia dan sangsi nya seperti penjara,
cambuk dan denda. Peradilan Islam dan Undang Undang Saksi Tahun
1950 telah menetapkan beberapa metode untuk validasi dokumen seperti:
pengakuan, testimoni, pendapat ahli, dan sumpah, namun pendapat dari ahli
masih merupakan cara utama untuk verifikasi keautentikan dan keaslian
dokumen. Artikel ini juga menemukan bahwa peraturan hukum di Malaysia
belum membahas sumpah sebagai alat verifikasi dokumen. Juga metodenya
berbeda antara yang ada di dalam buku teks dengan Undang Undang 1950
yang lebih fokus pada kondisi dokumen dan jumlah saksi, padahal di dalam
hukumnya tidak memperhitungkan jumlah saksi, hanya kondisinya saja.]
Keywords: Fiqh of Forensics, Forensic Science, Shariah, Al-Qarinah
document and its strength as a mean of proof, they did not discuss the issue
of forgery unless slightly compared with the scholars of law. This is due to its
limited extension and uses in the period of times. And with the frequent use
of them in our time, the debates have extended towards several circumstances
either to attempt for or to deny a forgery. Therefore, this research is conducted to
study the document falsification from the perspectives of Islamic Jurisprudence
and Malaysian Law. It is also to explain the definition, procedure and methods
to identify the crime and its punishment. The study used inductive and content
analysis methods on previous scholars’ opinions, discussions and explanation
from two different legal institutions. This study found the following important
results: The are many forms of forgery occur in this era and can be classified
either as material or incorporeal fraud. Several implications have been issued
against the forgery crime in the Malaysian Penal Code, such as imprisonment,
lashes and fines. The Islamic jurisprudence and the Malaysian Evidence Act
1950 has established several methods to verify the validity of documents such
as confession, testimony, expert opinion, and oath, but the opinion of the
expert is the most important means in verifying the authenticity and originality
of documents. This study also found that the Malaysian Evidence Law did
not discuss the oath as a mean to verify documents. As analysed, the method
to verify documents discussed in the books of jurisprudence is very different
from that of the Malaysian Evidence Act 1950, which specifies the conditions
of documents and the number of witnesses, but the law does not specify the
number of witnesses and impose conditions only.
[Meskipun para ahli tata hukum Islam membahas pentingnya sebuah
dokumen sebagai alat bukti, namun mereka kurang membahas persoalan
pemalsuan dokumen sedalam para ahli hukum konvensional. Hal ini terkait
dengan terbatasnya waktu dan kuantitas penggunaan, sehingga frekuensi
penggunaannya memunculkan debat yang panjang, baik yang menerima
atau yang menolak soal pemalsuan. Oleh karena itu, artikel ini membahas
pemalsuan dokumen dari perspektif tata hukum Islam dan hukum nasional
di Malaysia. Artikel ini juga menjelaskan definisi, prosedur, dan metode
identifikasi kejahatan ini serta hukumannya. Penulis menggunakan metode
induktif dan analisis isi pada opini, perdebatan, dan penjelasan dari dua
institusi hukum yang berbeda. Kajian ini menyimpulkan adanya beragam
bentuk pemalsuan dewasa ini, baik material atau non material. Beberapa
aturan hukum telah dikeluarkan di Malaysia dan sangsi nya seperti penjara,
cambuk dan denda. Peradilan Islam dan Undang Undang Saksi Tahun
1950 telah menetapkan beberapa metode untuk validasi dokumen seperti:
pengakuan, testimoni, pendapat ahli, dan sumpah, namun pendapat dari ahli
masih merupakan cara utama untuk verifikasi keautentikan dan keaslian
dokumen. Artikel ini juga menemukan bahwa peraturan hukum di Malaysia
belum membahas sumpah sebagai alat verifikasi dokumen. Juga metodenya
berbeda antara yang ada di dalam buku teks dengan Undang Undang 1950
yang lebih fokus pada kondisi dokumen dan jumlah saksi, padahal di dalam
hukumnya tidak memperhitungkan jumlah saksi, hanya kondisinya saja.]
Keywords: Fiqh of Forensics, Forensic Science, Shariah, Al-Qarinah
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