الفونيمات والألوفونات والغرافيمات في اللغة العربية في ضوء الصوتيات الحديثة

The terms phoneme, allophone, and grapheme play a crucial role in modern phonetics and phonology studies among linguists. These terms have successfully clarified their respective concepts and shed light on their distinct functions within speech across most, if not all, human languages. The study of modern phonetics and phonology directly engages with these terms due to their paramount importance in understanding the rules governing human sounds—specifically, the phonemes that encompass both consonants and vowels in a language. These phonemes exhibit multiple variants of pronunciation known as allophones.In essence, phonemes represent the sounds of spoken language, while graphemes serve as written symbols invented and used by speakers of the same language to convey their ideas in written form. This research aims to uncover the Arabic phonetic rules throughthe lens of modern phonetics and phonology. By analyzing Arabic phonemes, allophones, and graphemes, the study seeks to assist students—especially non-Arabic speakers—in mastering these linguistic elements. To achieve this, the research draws upon the insights of Arab scholars regarding the concepts of Arabic sounds within the framework of modern phonetics and phonology. Ultimately, the main goal is to explore the contemporary phonetic aspects of Arabic sounds, examining their usage in both spoken and written contexts, and contributing to scientific and educational fields.