Publication: Development of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte for Proton Battery Application
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Date
2024-09
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
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Publisher
Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia
Abstract
Biopolymers materials have garnered much attention in energy storage technology due
to their renewable properties and inert to the environment. Cellulose based biopolymers
derivative such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) are an attractive material since it is
easily available and has the potential to be used as solid biopolymer electrolyte (SBE)
material. This research aim is to develop a high conducting CMC SBE as potential
electrolyte for proton battery. Two CMC biopolymer electrolytes were developed where
the first system is by doping the CMC biopolymer with various ammonium formate
(AFT) composition (CMC–AFT). The second SBE system is by adding propylene
carbonate (PC) plasticizer (CMC–AFT–PC). Both SBEs systems were prepared through
solution casting technique where the obtained SBEs are physically stable. Both SBE
was investigated for their respective electrical, structural and ionic transport properties.
The highest ionic conductivity of the CMC–AFT SBE is 1.47 ± 0.15 (× 10-4) Scm-1
when added with 50wt.% of AFT. It was then improved to 2.40 ± 0.08 (× 10-3) Scm-1
with addition of 6 wt.% of PC plasticizer for the CMC–AFT–PC SBE. At elevated
temperature, the ionic conductivity behavior of both SBEs appears to follow Arrhenius
relations where the activation energy of each SBEs is the lowest for the highest
conducting SBE film. The dielectric properties follow non-Debye behavior. The
chemical structure of both SBEs shows that the amorphous phase affected the ionic
conductivity improvement significantly. The complexation between CMC and proton
(H+) from AFT salt was also seen from the theoretical analysis via Gaussian analysis
software and the experimental infrared data. The ionic conductivity improvement in
CMC–AFT SBE was understood to depend on the number of mobile ions (η), ionic
mobility (μ) and diffusion coefficient (D) while for the latter two parameters is
described for CMC–AFT–PC SBE as the contributing factors. Ion is the main
contributing charge in both SBEs due to high the transference number (tion) obtained.
The mechanism in which the ions transfer within the SBE bulk structure can be
explained from the non-overlap small polaron tunnelling for the CMC–AFT SBE and
the quantum mechanical tunneling for the CMC–AFT–PC SBE. Primary proton battery
was fabricated with the highest conducting sample from CMC–AFT SBE (50wt.%) and
CMC–AFT–PC SBE (6wt.%) through Zn|| SBE || MnO4 configuration. The open circuit
potential for both batteries are > 1.40 V and the battery with CMC–AFT–PC SBE was
selected to be fabricated into rechargeable battery (Zn|ZnSO4 || SBE || MnO4) since it
shows the highest discharge capacity. The battery shows good rechargeability for 20
cycles with efficiency between 50% to 80% depending on the discharge current. This
suggests that the CMC–AFT–PC SBE has good potential to be applied in proton battery
applications.
Description
Matric: 4191043 (FST)-Confidential
Keywords
Citation
Mohd Ibnu Haikal bin Ahmad Sohaimy (2024). Development of Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Solid Biopolymer Electrolyte for Proton Battery Application [Doctoral dissertation, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia]USIM Research Repository.