Harun F.W.Almadni E.A.Ali E.S.2024-05-282024-05-2820179789880000000207809582-s2.0-85054918554https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85054918554&partnerID=40&md5=06d5ee4c0de70bca96d44cd62a613fafhttps://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/9423Montmorillonite K10 (MMT K10), the major clay mineral commercially available can be treated to improve its properties and thus can be utilized for a broad range of organic reaction including esterification of fatty acids for biodiesel production. However, the use of unmodified MMT K10 in esterification of fatty acids showed that the acid conversion was less than 60 %. The aim of this study is to utilize available material i.e. MMT K10 modified with Cu2+, Al3+ and Fe3+ at various concentrations as catalyst for the esterification of acetic acid and stearic acid. The x-ray diffraction and elemental analysis of the materials were successfully characterized. After characterization, the materials were evaluated for the esterification of acetic acid and stearic acid with methanol. Prepared catalysts were able to give the highest acid conversion of up to 75% relative to the unmodified MMT K10 revealing the potential of M-MMT K10 as catalyst for esterification in biodiesel production. � Copyright International Association of Engineers.en-USAcetic acidAcid catalystEsterificationMethanolMontmorillonite K10Stearic acidAcetic acidBiodieselCatalystsClay mineralsEstersMethanolpHStearic acidAcid catalystBiodiesel productionMontmorillonite K10Organic reactionEsterificationConference Paper6066092