Liyana Amalina AdnanPalanivel SathishkumarAbdull Rahim Mohd YusoffTony Hadibarata2024-05-282024-05-28201529/10/2019Liyana Amalina Adnan, Palanivel Sathishkumar, Abdull Rahim Mohd Yusoff, Tony Hadibarata, Metabolites characterisation of laccase mediated Reactive Black 5 biodegradation by fast growing ascomycete fungus Trichoderma atroviride F03, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation,Volume 104,2015,Pages 274-282,ISSN 0964-8305, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2015.05.019.0964-83052236-410.1016/j.ibiod.2015.05.019https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0964830515300159?via%3Dihubhttps://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/5197In this study, fast growing ascomycete fungus Trichoderma atroviride F03 was explored to biodegrade bis-azo dye, Reactive Black 5 (RB5). The maximum RB5 biodegradation (91.1%) was achieved in the culture medium supplemented with an appropriate carbon source (glucose, 20 g l−1), and nitrogen source (yeast extract, 20 g l−1) at pH 5 and 27 °C. The laccase produced by T. atroviride F03 was involved in the RB5 biodegradation processes. The metabolites such as (I) 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, (II) 2,4-ditertbutylphenol, and (III) benzoic acid-TMS) were identified as the biodegradation products of RB5 using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The presence of these metabolites suggested that RB5 biodegradation was initiated by the cleavage of azo bond forming naphthalene-1,2,8-triol and sulphuric acid mono-[2-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-ethyl] ester. The sulphuric acid mono-[2-(toluene-4-sulfonyl)-ethyl] ester was further desulphonated to 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene. Then, the oxygenated ring of C1 and C2 naphthalene-1,2,8-triol was cleaved to 2-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-6-hydroxy-benzoic acid. The degradation of 2-(2-carboxy-ethyl)-6-hydroxy-benzoic acid could be proceeded with two pathways: (i) decarboxylation and methylation to form 2,4-ditertbutylphenol and (ii) decarboxylation mechanism that induced the formation of benzoic acid-TMS. Finally, this study proved that T. atroviride F03 might be a good candidate in treating textile effluent containing azo dye as this treatment does not generating aromatic amines. Keywords Azo dyeBiodegradation, Laccase, Metabolic pathway, Reactive black 5, Trichoderma atroviride F03enAzo dyeBiodegradation,Laccase,Metabolic pathway,Reactive black 5,Trichoderma atroviride F03Article274282104