Siti Nadhirah ZainurinWan Zakiah Wan IsmailWan Aina Nadhirah Wan AzlanKhairul Nabilah Zainul AriffinWan Maryam Wan Ahmad Kamil2024-05-292024-05-292023-06-06Zainurin, S. N., Wan Ismail, W. Z., Wan Azlan, W. A. N., Zainul Ariffin, K. N., & Wan Ahmad Kamil, W. M. (2023). Developing a Portable Spectrometer to Detect Chemical Contaminants in Irrigation Water. Agriculture, 13(6), 1202. MDPI AG. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture130612022077-047210.3390/agriculture13061202https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0472/13/6/1202https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85164104510&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=19b2656647b920a6a741d63eee7249c3&sot=b&sdt=b&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Developing+a+Portable+Spectrometer+to+Detect+Chemical+Contaminants+in+Irrigation+Water%29&sl=101&sessionSearchId=19b2656647b920a6a741d63eee7249c3https://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/10698Agriculture Volume 13 Issue 6 Page (1-14)Water pollution is a critical issue since it can severely affect health and the environment. The purpose of the study is to develop a portable spectrometer (ESP32-based spectrometer) to detect chemical contaminants in irrigation water by observing the light absorbance of contaminants. ESP32 and a light sensor (photodiode) were respectively, used as the main controller and detector of the portable spectrometer. It was developed based on optical dispersion and Beer–Lambert law theory. The light absorbance of different types of contaminants was displayed in a Blynk application for real-time monitoring. The samples were also tested using a lab-based spectroscopy method, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectrometer. The spectral range of the measurement is from 350 nm to 700 nm and the standard error of the ESP32-based spectrometer is from 0.01 to 0.05. Five water samples were tested, consisting of ammonium nitrate, organic pesticide, zinc oxide and two different reservoirs used for irrigation. The absorption peaks of the ammonium nitrate and organic pesticide are 363 nm and 361 nm, respectively. Zinc oxide shows the absorbance peak at 405 nm, whereas both reservoirs show absorbance peaks lie in the region from 300 nm to 370 nm. Therefore, this study shows that different types of contaminants can absorb light only at specific wavelength regions by considering the concentration of samples. The developed ESP32-based spectrometer can be applied for on-site water quality monitoring as it is portable, light, simple and can be monitored in real time using multiple devices.en-USlight intensity sensor; photodiode; ESP32-based spectrometer; heavy metal and organic contaminants; pesticide; zinc oxide and agricultureArticle114136