Nurul Izzati SaharuddinMuhammad Afiq Danial Mohamed NassirAina Zulaikha Muzafar ShahTengku Shafazila Tengku SaharuddinNurul Jannah Abd RahmanSyahirah YahyaFarah Wahida Harun2025-06-302025-06-3020252025-6-260126-6039422-34http://doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2025-5402-15https://oarep.usim.edu.my/handle/123456789/27116https://www.ukm.my/jsm/english_journals/vol54num2_2025/vol54num2_2025pg%2015.htmlhttps://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85219569444&origin=resultslist&sort=plf-f&src=s&sot=b&sdt=b&s=TITLE-ABS-KEY%28Catalytic+Transesterification+Of+Waste+Cooking+Oil+Using+Fe-modified+Chicken+Bone+Catalyst%29&sessionSearchId=5114d468c0496aa2f268ecc9fc06b550Indexed by ISI and Scopus (Tier 2)Food waste, including non-reusable materials like chicken bones, forms a significant portion of solid waste. In Malaysia, approximately 540,000 tons of waste cooking oil (WCO) is discarded annually without proper treatment. Chicken bones, rich in calcium, can be utilized as a heterogeneous catalyst in biodiesel production, addressing waste management issues. However, the use of chicken bone as a catalyst presents challenges such as the unmodified chicken bones often require a pre-treatment step to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA) content in WCO to prevent saponification, limiting their efficiency. Hence, this research endeavors to innovate by converting WCO into biodiesel via a transesterification reaction, leveraging waste chicken bones as a catalyst. The calcined waste chicken bone (CB) was modified to form 5 wt% Fe-CB, and 10 wt% Fe-CB. The catalysts were found to have similar physical characteristics in terms of the structure and surface morphology observed from XRD, N2 adsorption-desorption, and SEM analysis. Among the catalysts, 10 wt% Fe-CB, produced the highest yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME), reaching 72.52%, under mild reaction conditions (10:1 methanol-to-WCO molar ratio, 1 wt% catalyst loading, 60 oC reaction temperature and 4 h reaction time). The capability of 10 wt% Fe-CB to produce a higher fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield than 5 wt% Fe-CB and calcined CB was due to the presence of CaO with binary transition metal oxides providing both acidic and basic sites, allowing for more efficient WCO conversion.en-USFatty acid methyl esterstransesterificationwaste chicken bonewaste cooking oiltext::journal::journal article::research article493504542