Objective: international law obligates states to prosecute those who have violated laws in armed conflicts, particularly when the international community now has International Criminal Court (ICC). That is why the aim of the paper is to discover the responsibility for the crimes made with the use of AI-based autonomous vehicles in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Statute of the ICC. Methods: doctrinal analysis allowed to research the positions of experts on the responsibility for the crimes made with the use of AI-based autonomous vehicles in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Statute of the ICC. Results: this paper argues that the ICC can only exercise jurisdiction over natural persons who allegedly have committed the crimes under its jurisdiction, as compared to autonomous weapons. This paper argues that the persons who facilitate the commission of the alleged crimes are highly likely to be criminally responsible for providing means for the alleged crimes to be committed by AI-based autonomous weapons under Article 25(3)(c) of the Rome Statute and concludes that the Rome Statute provides a solution even to AI-based autonomous weapons. Scientific novelty: this paper addresses to the highly relevant issues of the responsibility for the crimes made with the use of AI-based autonomous vehicles in accordance with the provisions of the Rome Statute of the ICC. Practical significance: the results achieved in the paper can be used in regulation design for AI-based autonomous weapons. It can also be used as a basis for the future research in the sphere of liability of AI-based autonomous weapons and AI in general

Malaysia merupakan negara pesisir bagi Selat Melaka dan Singapura selain Indonesia dan Singapura. Sebelum zaman penjajahan Barat, sempadan maritim yang tetap tidak wujud merentasi Selat Melaka dan Singapura. Perjanjian Inggeris-Belanda 1824 telah membahagikan Selat Melaka dan Singapura kepada dua pengaruh, yang kemudiannya menjadiwilayah-wilayah bagi negara-negara Indonesia, Malaysia dan Singapura. Di sebelah timur pula, menerusi Perjanjian 1878 dan Perjanjian 1903, Sabah yang asalnya milik Kesultanan Sulu telah menjadi jajahan British dan akhirnya merdeka dalam Malaysia pada tahun 1963. Sebagai sebuah negara berdaulat, Malaysia telah menandatangani beberapa perjanjian dengan negara-negara jirannya dalam menetapkan sempadan wilayah dan maritimnya. Namun, terdapat beberapa segmen kawasan maritim milik Malaysia yang sempadan maritimnya belum ditetapkan dengan jelas. Kekurangan ini boleh menimbulkan kesulitan dalam menetapkan bidang kuasa dalam kawasan maritim milik Malaysia. Dengan penularan wabak COVID-19, bertambah pentinglah batas maritim ini ditetapkan bagi mengekang kemasukan secara haram pendatang asing ke Malaysia selain menjalankan penguatkuasaan yang lebih tegas. Artikel ini membuat kesimpulan bahawa Malaysia harus terus bekerja lebih rapat dengan tetangga-tetangganya agar masalah perbatasan maritim dapat diselesaikan dengan tuntas.

The Orang Asli group forms a minority community in Peninsular Malaysia, whose livelihood mostly depends on their land and the surrounding area. Dispute over customary land rights of Orang Asli has been continual in Malaysia although Malaysian Courts, in several cases, have upheld the Common Law rights of Orang Asli to their customary lands. This poses a challenge to some Orang Asli communities and State Governments. Based on focus group discussion, profiling survey, and library research methods, this paper analyses the land rights of Orang Asli in Peninsular Malaysia, by placing focus on Orang Asli in Kampung Parit Gong, Jelebu, Negeri Sembilan. The findings indicate that the Kampung Parit Gong Orang Asli community has been strictly adhering to the customs of ‘Adat Perpatih’ since yesteryears, and that they highly value the land, both through usage of land and by inheritance. Several important concerns were raised by the Orang Asli in Kampung Parit Gong, particularly on the security over their rights on the said customary land and the guarantee of their future generations’ socio-economic well-being. Having said that, this paper proposes several legal and administrative measures to not only address the uprising issues, but also to ascertain that the rights of Orang Asli residing in Peninsular Malaysia are safeguarded.

This paper analyses the position of the full age and mentally competent patient in exercising his or her right of autonomy to refuse treatment by giving an advance will or directive to the doctors in the lights of the United States and Canada laws. Even though there is a presumption that Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; a treatment for cardiac arrest has to be given to the patient. The decision as to whether to withhold or withdraw such a treatment lies with health practitioners, and the court will only intervene on certain situations in the United States. However, in Canada, neither consent nor a court order in lieu is required for a medical doctor to issue a non-resuscitation direction where, in his or her judgment, the patient is in an irreversible vegetative state.

Heads of State represent not only their respective country whenever they are traveling abroad but they also reflect the sovereignty of their respective state. This is because Heads of State are said to be the ‘shadow’ of the state in the eyes of international law. Since the outbreak of World War I, a number of Heads of State have been investigated and prosecuted before national and international tribunals to end impunity of international crimes of genocide, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression and to provide justice to the victims of the crimes. To do so, those who involved directly and indirectly to the commission of these crimes must be held responsible regardless of their positions. Based on doctrinal analysis, this paper analyses the position of the immunity of Heads of State under international law and concludes that immunity attached to Heads of State has to be set aside in order to end the impunity of the alleged crimes and to uphold justice to the victims of international crimes as a binding international law rule.

This article studies the civil and Islamic laws which are enforced to handle issues of misconduct by lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) group in Malaysia. This article is a qualitative legal study where data gathered through library research method and evaluated through analytical approach in its content. Provisions from international declarations and charters, Parliamentary acts, states' enactments, circulars and case decided by courts are scrutinized to understand the legal foundations which act as probihitory and pereventive measures towards LGBT-related activities from spreading. Findings of the analysis indicate that Islamic law provide wider scope of legal provisions compared to civil law relating to offences which involve LGBT group. However, the offences are subject to certain limitation of punishment and only applicable to Muslim offenders only. Due to the absence of specific law on LGBT from the legistalive bodies, legal enforcement bodies and public prosecutor only rely on public law; namely Penal Code, Syariah Criminal Offences (Federal Territories) Act 1997, Peaceful Assembly Act 2012, Entertainment (Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur) Act 1992 and Small Offences Act 1955. Thus, iti is hereby proposed that the Parliament and state legislative assembly shall act more progressively in drafting and approving legal provisions which are more specific and express to combat and control LGBT activities from continuing to tarnish the religious values, customs and cultures of Malaysian society.

This article discusses on the definition of subsidiary legislation in Malaysian administrative law, its advantages and how to challenge it. Subsidiary legislation is part of Malaysian legal sources that supplements the legislative function of Malaysian legal system. Although the Parliament and State Assembly are the main bodies that have been vested with the legislative power in Malaysia, other non-elected members are also conferred to exercise the same function to assist the Parliament and the State Assembly in their law making roles. The abundance of subsidiary legislation in the legal systems serve a great deal of benefits and advantages especially to ease the burden of the legislative bodies especially in dealing with the details of the law and also to gain expert views on certain issues. However the power mandated in the hands of these authorised bodies comprising of non-elected civil servants could also result in illegality and abuse of power, thus, this article attempts to outline grounds on which the subsidiary legislation can be challenged. This article is a descriptive and comparative analysis research which involves library-based method. This method is based on the analysis of various literature materials from books, articles, journals, Acts of Parliament, as well as reference to decided cases from Malaysian courts and commonwealth countries. It is the finding of this article that the court has the power of judicial review over the subsidiary legislation if the subsidiary legislation is ultra vires its conferring Act (parent Act), substantively or procedurally and the parent Act or the subsidiary legislation itself is unconstitutional. The court will look into the provisions of the parent Act and also the subsidiary legislation to determine its constitutionality and if it is within the scope of the parent act and the Federal Constitution. It is recommended that the power to enact subsidiary legislation conferred to the delegated body shall not be abused to overstep legal and constitutional boundaries and the Parliament shall not over-delegate its power to subsidiary legislation since it may be seen as abdication or ‘giving up’ its actual constitutional role i.e. to make law. Index Terms- Administrative Law; Advantages; Challenge; Subsidiary Legislation

Hak terhadap pegangan tanah yang selamat diterima sebagai salah satu petunjuk pembangunan lestari seperti yang dinyatakan dalam Agenda 2030 Matlamat Pembangunan Lestari. Bagi masyarakat minoriti orang asal khususnya, hak pegangan tanah yang selamat merupakan perkara asas bagi mengekalkan jati diri dan kehidupan mereka. Artikel ini menghuraikan hasil kajian kes tanah adat masyarakat orang asli di Negeri Sembilan, iaitu di Langkap, Kuala Pilah, Parit Gong di Jelebu dan Bukit Kepong di Port Dickson. Kajian ini berasaskan kerangka prinsip common law sebagai asas pengiktirafan tanah adat masyarakat asal di negara ini. Kajian kes menunjukkan bahawa masyarakat orang asli Temuan melihat tanah dan kawasan yang mereka tinggal, bertani dan sebagainya sebagai satu “kawasan” ataupun “wilayah” yang dimiliki oleh komuniti mereka yang dipelihara berasaskan adat perpatih bagi kesejahteraan komuniti pada masa ini serta generasi yang akan datang. Di dalam wilayah tersebut, terdapat kawasan di sekitar penempatan dan pertanian yang penting sebagai kawasan rayau yang berfungsi sebagai zon penyangga (buffer zone) kepada ahli yang memerlukan. Masyarakat orang asli mempunyai “sistem perundangan” mereka sendiri yang diatur oleh adat dan sistem komuniti yang tersusun dengan konsep wilayah tersendiri. Hasil kajian ini penting bagi memberikan pengetahuan dan kefahaman masyarakat di negara ini terhadap komuniti orang asli serta amalan mereka yang mungkin mampu membuka jalan ke arah perubahan dasar dan undang-undang yang memberikan perlindungan yang lebih baik kepada mereka selaras dengan matlamat pembangunan lestari.