The issue of spam has been uprising since decades ago. Impact loss from various aspects has attacked the daily life most of us. Many approaches such as policy and guidelines establishment, rules and regulations enforcement, and even anti-spam tools installation appeared to be not enough to restrain the problem. To make things even worse, the spam�s recipients still easily get enticed and lured with the spam content. Hence, an advanced medium that acts as an implicit decision maker is desperately required to assist users to obstruct their eagerness responding against spam. The simulation of spam risk assessment in this paper is purposely to give some insights of how users can identify the imminent danger of received text spam. It is demonstrated by predicting the potential hazard with three different levels of risk (high, medium and low), according to its possible impact loss. A series of simulation has been conducted to visualize this concept using Danger Theory variants of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), namely Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) and Deterministic Dendritic Cell Algorithm (dDCA). The corpus of messages from UCI Machine Learning Repository has been deployed to illustrate the analysis. The outcome of these simulations verified that dDCA has consistently outperformed DCA in precisely assessing the risk level with severity concentration value for text spam messages. The findings of this work has demonstrated the feasibility of immune theory in risk measurement that eventually assisting users in their decision making. � Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

It is crucial for public users and service providers to stay abreast of the progress and trends on data exfiltration in computer security system. In cryptosystem, it is unnoticeable for computer and mobile users to realize that inaudible sound used to transmit signals carrying pervasive sensitive data was in the low frequency ultrasonic range. Acoustic attacks on ultrasonic signal emanated by electronic devices have long been investigated among researchers. This paper is an exploration on the practicality of ultrasonic data exfiltration between computers in term of computer security system. It will discuss some work done by previous researchers in general, based on scientific, technological, and security perspectives. There will be inclusions of practical applications already in existence as well as future studies in related fields.

This research project was conducted to study the effects of irradiation on chitosan and its potential application as a plant growth promoter. Chitosan in the form of flakes was irradiated with gamma rays at irradiation dosage of 50 kGy, 100 kGy, 200 kGy and 400 kGy. The effect of irradiation on chitosan in terms of intrinsic viscosity and average molecular weight was measured using Ubbelohde capillary viscometry technique and the results obtained showed irradiation at doses of up to 50 kGy had caused an extremely significant reduction of both parameters and this trend continued at higher irradiation doses, although the decrease were not significant. The effect of various concentrations of chitosan and irradiated chitosan on growth promotion of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra) was hydroponically grown and cultivated for 50 days. Statistical analysis showed addition of 10 ppm of irradiated chitosan of 200 kGy and 400 kGy, respectively, resulted in an extremely significant increase in the percentage weight gain of Chinese kale (Brassica alboglabra). Results obtained in this study showed the potential use of irradiated chitosan as a plant growth promoter for plants grown hydroponically. � 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Critical claims by certain quarters that our local undergraduates are not performing well in Mathematics, Statistics and Numerical Methods needs a serious thinking and actions. Yearly examinations results from the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM equivalent to A-Level) and Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Malaysia (STPM equivalent to O-Level) levels have been splendid whereby it is either increasing or decreasing in a very tight range. A good foundation in mathematics and additional mathematics will tremendously benefit these students when they enter their university education especially in engineering and science courses. This paper uses SPM results as the primary data, questionnaires as secondary, and apply the Fish Bones technique for analysis. The outcome shows that there is a clear correlation between the causes and effect.

Classification of large data into respected classes or groups could be carried out with the help of artificial intelligence (AI) tools readily available in the market. To get the optimum or best results, optimization tool could be applied on those data. Classification and optimization have been used by researchers throughout their works, and the outcomes were very encouraging indeed. Here, the authors are trying to share what they have experienced in three different areas of applied research.

Science and Technology (SandT) has been able to help mankind to solve or minimize problems when arise. Different methodologies, techniques and tools were developed or used for specific cases by researchers, engineers, scientists throughout the world, and numerous papers and articles have been written by them. Nine selected cases such as flash flood, earthquakes, workplace accident, fault in aircraft industry, seismic vulnerability, disaster mitigation and management, and early fault detection in nuclear industry have been studied. This paper looked at those cases, and their results showed nearly 60% uses artificial intelligence (AI) as a tool. This paper also did some review that will help young researchers in deciding the types of AI tools to be selected; thus proving the future trends in SandT. � 2016 AIP Publishing LLC.

Data driven technique is a well-known method in fault detection and it is suitable for large industrial systems. In this article, this technique is applied in an electron beam (EB) facility to assist the technology available in that facility so that the number and cost of equipment/component failures can be reduced. An example is on EB scanning, if not properly monitored and in case of beam scanning unit fails, it will damage EB accelerator tube which is one of the main components in EBM facility. For these two stages fault detection, the current data for both x- & y- coils are monitored and compared with the normal outputs that obtained from such as an ANFIS model. If either or both errors are larger than their threshold limits and it happened for a certain period of time then the beam current source shall be terminated and the high voltage power supply across the tube shall be quickly reduce to 0 kV in order to avoid heat developed on the 25 ?m titanium foil window that due to electron beam penetration and will soon torn the window. Delays for three cases (x-, y- and both x&y coils) are pre-determined by the specialist and these will eliminate uncertainty of error signals.