Translation is a process of transferring meaning from one language to another. This process involves the effort to convey a message or information in a new linguistic form while preserving the original meaning of the source text. A good translation should maintain the content, linguistic style, and the author’s manner of expression so that readers of the translated text can comprehend its meaning as accurately as in the original version. This study aims to analyse the Malay translation of Qasidah al-Burdah al-Bushiri based on Vinay and Darbelnet’s (1958) translation theory. The Malay version used in this research is the translation by Sheikh Ahmad Fahmi bin Zamzam. Employing a qualitative research design, this study introduces the concept and types of translation as well as the translation procedures proposed by Vinay and Darbelnet. Subsequently, the researcher analyses the translation procedures applied in 58 verses (bayt) of Qasidah al-Burdah according to this framework. The findings reveal that eight main translation procedures were employed: borrowing, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, adaptation, implicitation, and explicitation. The study also identifies three overall effects of the translation: (1) successful transfer of meaning into the target language, (2) instances of ambiguity in the target language, and (3) occurrences of meaning deviation from the original source text.

The evolution of machine translation technology had a big impact on society especially on translators and students. It also become demanding in terms of saving cost, energy and time consuming to translate multiple languages, but some issues may appear with machine translation in translating certain contexts, especially in cultural contexts. This study aims to study the cultural element in the novel Pygmalion and investigate the translatability and untranslatability of these cultural elements in the Reverso Context. The study adopted a qualitative descriptive approach, using descriptive analysis and comparative analysis to analyze the translations of both machine translation and human translation. The findings show that the Reverso Context had three types of translatability which are completely translatable, partially translatable, and untranslatable. The untranslatability of Reverso Context occurred when the word of the source language that expresses a concept is not fully known in the target culture In addition, it also occurred when the word of source language that expresses a known concept in the target culture does not exist in the source language dictionary.