Health and safety are the required legal requirements that need to be regulated in-laws and regulations of child care centres. These legal requirements are categorised as structural quality features which are often translated into laws and regulations in ensuring quality child care for children. This paper examines the question of whether the health and safety legal requirements necessitate improvements in the legislative framework of Malaysian child care. The laws and regulations in Malaysia on health and safety requirements as stated in the Child Care Centre Act 1984 and Child Care Centre Regulation 2012 are evaluated according to the relevant sections and regulations. Recommendations are made in enhancing laws and regulations in child care centres in Malaysia regarding health and safety. The qualitative method was used in this study using document analysis especially the related laws in Malaysia. Cross-reference to other jurisdictions’ laws and regulations such as Australia and Singapore was also conducted. In conclusion, enhancement on health and safety features need to be made especially with regards to knowledge on child protection law amongst child care providers, prohibition of employment, laws, and regulations on incidents, injury and trauma, and medicine and drugs administration.

Prioritising the elderly should be a national priority before Malaysiaturns into an old country, which is anticipated to happen in the year 2030. Reimagining what quality aging will entail in the future is required toprovideolder people in Malaysia the best possibilities for a quality life. One way to ensure that the elderly will age graciously is through education or learning.However, there are various barriers and challenges which limit the development of elderly education and lifelong learning in Malaysia. This study, therefore, focuses to explore prominent issues regarding elderly education and lifelong learning. This would include analysing the existing laws and policies related to the elderly. Apart from that, the Shariah perspectives on this area are also discussed to illustrate the importance of learning for elderly. This study is aqualitative legal studyemploying doctrinal approach and document analysis. The findings illustrate that, although there are existing legal instruments and syariah authorities on the significanceof elderly education and learningat a later stage, a policy reformis needed especially in terms of the strategies and implementation of the polices. The policy should be reformed, the challenges should be addressed, coordination and collaboration should be enhanced. The policies need to be more inclusive involving higher numbers of senior citizens in Malaysia. Additionally, a mechanism is required to educate the elderly about the importance of learning at a laterstage as reflected in the national policies and shariah principles.This paper shall assist the policy makers in enhancing the policy on older people particularly on the aspect or elderly education and life learning in Malaysia. The challenges faced by Malaysia specificallyin ensuring the inclusiveness of the programmes involving senior citizensin Malaysia shall be lessons for other countriesin strengthening their policies for older people.

Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE) is crucial in developing a well-balanced individual. The rising number of mothers going to work nowadays results in the rising need for child care services to take care of their children. Therefore, quality child care service is essential in ensuring that the children are well taken care of in terms of not only their health and safety but also their developmental growth. Thus, child care services should not be considered as mere custody but rather the earliest stage of education of a child. The issue of low child care quality is significant to be highlighted on, as indicated by the research and commentaries made by the ECCE experts in Malaysia. Therefore, in the effort to improve the quality of child care services in Malaysia, the legislative framework needs to be scrutinised for further enhancement. Laws and regulations provide high impact in ensuring high quality child care services. This thesis critically examines the Malaysian laws and regulations on child care centres to consider whether the laws and regulations are adequate or below the level of acceptable care and need further improvement. This research is done by the method of doctrinal research in the form of library-based data collection. In improving the laws and regulations of child care centres in Malaysia, this thesis analyses the Child Care Centre Act 1984 and Child Care Centre Regulations 2012 to consider the legislative efforts needed in improving the quality of child care centres in Malaysia. Besides that, this research examines the practices adopted by other developed countries for Malaysia to learn lessons from their legislative reform of laws and regulations on child care centres. This research finds that enhancement of the essential elements of child care laws and regulations that involve the introductory features of statutes, the six features of legal requirements which are the proven researched structural quality features, and efficiency of the authority in enforcing the laws and regulations are important. The six features of legal requirements are adult to child ratio, group size, education and training of staff, physical environment, health and safety, and educational programme. It is proposed that laws and regulations on Malaysian child care need to be reviewed. Thus, enhancements of the legislations of Malaysian child care settings are proposed in this study in the effort to ensure that children are provided with better care and education. Amended and additional provision of the statutes of child care laws and regulations are suggested in this study in creating an effective legal framework of child care for Malaysia. The enhancements are pivotal as high quality early childhood care and education shall safeguard the health and safety of the children as well as assisting in the developmental growth of the children.

The issue of low quality of child care centres which lead to numbers of unwanted injuries and death of children while in care need to be addressed through legal mechanism. In regulating child care centres in Malaysia, there are certain legal requirements that need to be fulfilled by child care operators. One of the requirements that often neglected is the physical environment. This paper examines the question on whether the physical environment feature in legislative framework of Malaysian child care need improvements. This research is done through doctrinal research analysing the relevant legislations and related documents of Malaysia and other jurisdictions. The laws and regulations in Malaysia involving Child Care Centre Act 1984 and Child Care Centre Regulation 2012 are analysedaccording to the relevant sections and regulations. The practices from other jurisdictions including Australia, Singapore and Canada are analysed for Malaysia to take lesson from. Recommendations are then made for Malaysia to improve its laws and regulations on physical environment incare centres.

The aim of regulating child care centres should not just be limited to providing protection in terms of the children’s safety and health. It should go beyond providing a ‘safe haven’ in order to enhance the potentials of the children. Therefore, the element of learning and education should be included as one of the legal requirements in regulating child care centres. This paper, therefore, examines the question of whether the educational element should be enacted in the legislative framework of Malaysian child care. The qualitative method is used in this study using document analysis. The laws and regulations on child care centres especially Child Care Centre Act 1984 are evaluated. Apart from the laws and regulations in Malaysia, analysis on international experiences of various jurisdictions which may be taken as lessons for Malaysia is also conducted in enhancing the laws and regulations of Malaysian child care. It is submitted that educational element is an important element to be embedded in laws and regulations governing child care centres in Malaysia early childhood apart from other legal requirements.

In Malaysia, children in conflict with the law may be punished under Syariah or civil legal framework as to conform with the social norms. The Syariah and Civil courts in Malaysia practiced in the different structures, procedures, and jurisdictions as Malaysia practiced a dual system of law. Therefore, this article aims to identify the justification of punishment practiced by both courts in sentencing the child offenders in Malaysia. There are nine sources have been used as a database in screening the past research articles starting from years of 2010 until 2021. The systematic literature review consists of search strategies, study collection, data collection, and analysis for the articles obtained. A sum of 18 articles was assessed for eligibility through criteria such as year of publication, languages, and has met the required elements. This article indicates that both courts tend to impose a punishment consisting of rehabilitative methods to protect the best interest of the children. Thus, further research is needed to analyze the differences between Syariah and the Civil Court regarding implementing of rehabilitation theory as a justification of punishment for the child offenders in Malaysia

Perkhidmatan penjagaan kanak-kanak yang berkualiti adalah penting dalam memastikan kanak-kanak itu dijaga dengan baik bukan sahaja dari segi kesihatan dan keselamatan mereka, malah dalam perkembangan pertumbuhan mereka. Jadi, perkhidmatan penjagaan kanak-kanak tidak seharusnya dianggap sebagai jagaan semata-mata sebaliknya ia merupakan peringkat awal untuk pendidikan kanak-kanak. Isu taman asuhan kanak-kanak berasaskan rumah yang tidak dikawal oleh undang-undang yang khusus adalah penting untuk diketengahkan dalam usaha untuk meningkatkan kualiti perkhidmatan penjagaan kanak-kanak di Malaysia melalui usaha perundangan. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengkaji keperluan membangun rangka kerja undang-undang dalam mengawal selia pusat jagaan kanak-kanak di rumah. Mengikut undang-undang dan peraturan Malaysia, pusat asuhan kanak-kanak di rumah yang mengasuh kanak-kanak kurang daripada empat orang tidak perlu mendaftar dengan pihak berkuasa dan tidak dipantau oleh mana-mana undang-undang atau peraturan. Kejadian tidak diingini yang melibatkan pusat asuhan kanak-kanak di rumah yang tidak dikawal undang-undang boleh menjadi faktor pendorong untuk Malaysia membangun rangka kerja undang-undang dalam meningkatkan kualiti pusat tersebut. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan kaedah kajian doktrin dalam bentuk pengumpulan data berasaskan dokumen analisis dan ulasan kes.

Mutakhir ini menyaksikan sebahagian golongan LGBT yang tidak segan silu mempamerkan budaya songsang di platform-platform dalam talian seperti di Instagram, facebook, twitter dan sebagainya. Selain itu, promosi terhadap budaya songsang ini dilakukan secara terang-terangan di media sosial. Justeru, objektif kertas kerja ini adalah bagi mengkaji dan menganalisis peruntukan di dalam Akta Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 berkaitan kesalahan LGBT dalam talian seterusnya mencadangkan penambahbaikan kepada peruntukan sedia ada di dalam Akta Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Wilayah-Wilayah Persekutuan) 1997 bagi mendakwa kesalahan LGBT dalam talian. Kajian kualitatif ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis dokumen bagi mengumpulkan data. Dapatan kajian mendapati terdapat peruntukan sedia ada yang boleh digunakan bagi mendakwa kesalahan LGBT yang dilakukan secara dalam talian. Walaubagaimanapun, peruntukan sedia ada ini mempunyai isu dari sudut substantif, keterangan dan tatacara yang memerlukan penambahbaikan.

Malaysia should focus on the elderly agenda before facing the status of an aging nation by 2030. Thus, there is a need to re-imagine the future of quality aging in Malaysia to provide proper avenues for older persons to lead a quality life. One of the ways in ensuring quality aging amongst the elderly is through education or learning at a later stage. Nevertheless, learning has not been the priority agenda for the senior citizens in Malaysia. This study, therefore, focuses to analyse the education rights and lifelong learning policy for senior citizens. This study is conducted using qualitative legal study, through document analysis. The outcome of this study shall assist the authority, government agencies, community, and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in making education and learning the main agenda in ensuring active aging amongst the elderly in Malaysia. Studies on how to facilitate Malaysian elderly in exercising their rights to education are recommended to be explored in the future.

The COVID-19 pandemic has impulsively posed new challenges to many businesses and companies around the globe due to travel and business restrictions. COVID-19 which has been declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the 11th of March 2020, which originated from Wuhan City, the People’s Republic of China has consequently crashed the downtime of the economy in Malaysia and caused a significant impact on the Small-to-Medium Enterprises (SMEs) business operation. The present study employs a mixed methodology, which includes an analysis of primary and secondary legal sources, and a questionnaires survey. The aim of this research is to identify the legal impacts on SMEs due to the COVID-19 pandemic influences on a business operation which will further assist policymakers to develop actionable policies and support the growth of SMEs in Malaysia. The government should be transparent in disseminating the post-COVID-19 data because it can be a thrust for the SMEs in planning their future agenda to “bounce back” the economic sectors effectively.

Home-based childcare (HBCC) services are among thechildcare services available in Malaysia, as ensconscedin the ChildCare Centre Act 1984. In Malaysia, HBCC providers are only allowed to care for a minimum of four and a maximum of 10children.However, this definition does not include small home-based childcare services or childminders who care for less than four children. Employingthe qualitative method of content analysis, this study discusses the laws and regulations governing HBCC in Malaysia, particularly the legal requirements that need to be fulfilled. Thisis further supported by interviews conducted with childcare providers who look after children at their home to examine their level of understanding of the legal requirements under Malaysian childcare laws and regulations. Findingsindicate, among others,that the HBCC operators are unaware of the need toregister with the Social Welfare Department. The adherence to the legal requirements for this HBCC should not be taken lightly, as it is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of children.Consequently, greater efforts are required to ensure the children's health and safety because the current procedures rely solely on the experience and expertise of the childcare providers. This paper contributes to the extent of knowledge of HBCC in Malaysia especially towards policy makers, child care operators and parents by exploring the experiences of HBCC childcare providers. It is proposed that continuous improvements need to be made to the laws and regulations on HBCC in ensuring high quality services of HBCC.

Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) adalah sejenis ubat yang digunakan untuk mereka yang berisiko menerima jangkitan virus ‘Human Immunodeficiency Virus’ (HIV), yang dikenali sebagai penyakit ‘Sindrom Kurang Daya Tahan Melawan Penyakit’ (AIDS). Melalui ujian klinikal yang telah dijalankan, penggunaan PrEP telah terbukti dapat mengurangkan risiko jangkitan HIV/ AIDS. Pada penghujung tahun 2022, Menteri Kesihatan pada waktu itu telah mengumumkan akan menjalankan satu projek rintis penggunaan ubat PrEP di beberapa hospital kerajaan untuk menguji keberkesanannya sebelum ubat tersebut diperakukan oleh Kementerian Kesihatan untuk kegunaan awam. Kenyataan tersebut telah mencetuskan kontroversi di kalangan ulama, ahli akademik, ahli politik dan juga masyarakat kerana dirasakan akan memberi manfaat kepada golongan homoseksual, biseksual dan transgender (LGBT) dan akan menyebabkan berleluasanya maksiat dan membawa kepada mafsadah yang lebih besar. Tidak dapat dinafikan bahawa PrEP dapat mencegah penyakit berjangkit, namun begitu, sekiranya ubat ini diberikan kepada golongan LGBT, dikhuatiri akan menyebabkan golongan ini semakin berleluasa sekali gus mendatangkan mafsadah yang lebih besar. Oleh itu, artikel ini akan menganalisis isu pemberian ubat PrEP kepada golongan LGBT dari perspektif Shariah. Untuk mencapai objektif ini, kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan analisis deskriptif dan induktif. Kajian ini menyimpulkan bahawa hukum pemberian ubat PrEP kepada golongan LGBT perlu diperhalusi mengikut kategori. Bagi kategori pertama; mereka yang terlibat secara aktif di dalam industri seks sebagai pekerja seks, pemberian ubat PrEP adalah haram dan mempunyai larangan yang jelas di dalam syarak. Manakala, bagi kategori kedua; golongan LGBT yang tidak terlibat dalam industri seks, pemberian ubat PrEP hendaklah diteliti dan dilakukan kajian lanjutan dan mendalam oleh pihak yang berautoriti dengan mengambilkira mafsadah yang lebih ringan dan menolak mafsadah yang lebih berat. Kerajaan juga haruslah memainkan peranan yang lebih serius dalam menangani golongan LGBT di Malaysia.

Quality childcare services are essential in ensuring that children are well cared for not only in terms of their health and safety, but also their mental and intellectual development. Childcare services should not be thought of as should not be considered as mere care services but rather it is the key foundation for young children's education. According to practice in Malaysia, home childcare centres that care for less than four children do not need to register with the authorities and are not monitored by any laws or regulations. The issue of home childminders who are not regulated by specific laws is crucial to be highlighted in an effort to improve the quality of childcare services in Malaysia through legislative efforts. Hence, the purpose of this research is to examine the legal requirements for regulating home child care centres. Highlights of incidents and cases involving home day care are analysed to see the extent to which children's safety is exposed to the risk of danger as a result of the absence of specific laws to supervise home childminders. This study was conducted using the method of doctrinal research in the form of data collection based on document analysis and case reviews. The findings of this study indicate that there is a need to draft a specific law to regulate home childminders to protect the welfare and safety of children.

Di Malaysia, usaha memperkenalkan undang-undang jenayah Islam secara total telah dirintis oleh Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan pada tahun 1993 melalui Enakmen Kanun Jenayah Syariah (II) 1993 dan pada tahun 2015. Begitu juga dengan usaha yang dilakukan oleh Kerajaan Negeri Terengganu pada tahun 2002 melalui Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah (Hudud Dan Qisas) Terengganu 1423h/2002. Walaubagaimanapun kesemua usaha ini tidak berjaya kerana enakmen ini menghadapi masalah dari sudut perundangan.Terdapat pihak yang berpandangan, pendekatan yang bersifat revolutionari ini kurang sesuai dengan kerangka perundangan Malaysia. Justeru, di dalam artikel ini, pengkaji akan mengkaji pendekatan yang bersifat lebih evolutionari iaitu pendekatan harmonisasi. Objektif artikel ini adalah mengkaji konsep dan pendekatan harmonisasi seterusnya menganalisis kesesuaian menggunakan pendekatan ini di dalam memperkenalkan undang-undang jenayah Islam di Malaysia khususnya bagi kesalahan-kesalahan hudud. Artikel ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif iaitu analisis dokumen. Dapatan kajian mendapati pendekatan harmonisasi ini boleh diaplikasikan dalam memperkenalkan sebahagian kesalahan-kesalahan hudud melalui pindaan di dalam Enakmen Kesalahan Jenayah Syariah negeri-negeri serta Akta Mahkamah Syariah (Bidang Kuasa Jenayah) 1965.

Child labour is a global issue affecting children's rights and welfare. Millions of children worldwide struggle to support themselves or their families, often engaging in hazardous occupations like armed forces, drug trafficking, and sexual exploitation. These activities violate children's rights to kindness, care, health, and education. This paper analysis a legal and syariah perspective that may offer to further protect children from labor and what are the factor and the effect if the child labor happens. It examines the law related to combating child labour and its impact on children's psychosocial development. The analysis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the legal and syariah perspectives in combating child labour. The phenomenon of child labour demands a multifaceted response that respects both legal frameworks and Shariah principles. By aligning efforts to combat child labour with the shared goal of protecting children's rights and dignity, we can make significant strides towards eradicating this grave violation of human rights and ensuring a brighter future for the children.

In regulating child care centres in Malaysia, there are certain legal requirements that need to be fulfilled by child care operators. These legal requirements are the structural quality features which are translated into laws and regulations. One of the requirements that often neglected is the physical environment. This paper examines the question on whether the physical environment feature is an important legal requirement that necessitate improvements in the legislative framework of Malaysian child care. The importance of physical environment is explained by referring to the previous studies and research. Then, the laws and regulations in Malaysia involving Child Care Centre Act 1984 and Child Care Centre Regulation 2012 are evaluated according to the relevant sections and regulations.Recommendations are then made for Malaysia to improve its laws and regulations regarding physical environment based on research and practices from Malaysia itself and other jurisdictions as benchmarks. The legislations from other jurisdiction are also being taken into consideration in finding and improving the legislation in Malaysia

Over the recent years, the promotion of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT)immoral behaviour has been done publicly on online platforms such as Instagram, Facebook, Twitter, TikTok and so on. Apart from that, several dating apps have been widely used for these purposes. Hence, the objective of this paper is to review and analyse the provisions of theSyariah Criminal Offences (Selangor) Enactment 1995 related to LGBT offences and to propose improvements to the existing provisions to prosecute LGBT offences committed on onlineplatforms. This qualitative study uses a document analysis approach to collect data. The findings found that there are existing provisions that can be used to prosecute LGBT offences committed online. However, these existing provisions have several issues in terms of substantive, evidence and procedures that require further improvements. To overcome these issues, this paper suggests several improvements such as enacting specific provisions for Islamic criminal offences committed online, amending the Syariah Courts Act 1965 or known as Act 355 to increase the limit of punishment and establishing a technology unit and appointment of skilled officers in the Department of Prosecution.

This paper discusses the features which are predictive of child care quality in improving laws and policies of child care protection in Malaysia. Firstly, this paper explores previous studies which prove the importance of high quality child care towards the children development. The discussion will further explore various views and paradigms on the concept of quality in child care especially on the important traits of quality child care. Referring to the wide practice of experts in child care, the common categorization of quality aspects which are process quality and structural qualities is also discussed further. Next, the determinants of quality child care from structural features are examined. This discussion will, later on, engage on arguing that accreditation too shall be a vital indicator in ensuring all the quality elements of high quality child care centres are adequately observed by child care providers. This will later bring the discussion on the instruments which are compatible in measuring child care quality. Later on, this paper touches on the relationship of regulation and quality exploring on how structural aspects may be translated into regulations with the aim to enhance child care quality. This chapter concludes by identifying the main features of high quality child care to be scrutinised in Malaysia child care landscape looking from previous studies done across the globe including studies from Malaysia itself.

As Malaysia is predicted to be an ageing nation by the year 2030, developing a retirement village shall be an avenue for senior citizens to have a welfare and conducive placement for them to spend their time with value-added amenities that cater their special needs. Nevertheless, the hurdles that Malaysia faces is the non-existence of any legal framework to govern the establishment of retirement village in Malaysia. As a result, this has caused problems not just to the authorities but also the operators or developers who might be interested to embark in this kind of project. This paper discusses the overview concept and elements of retirement village sector in Malaysia and other jurisdictions, and the possibility of having a sustainable legal framework in regulating the sector. The legal issues and possible unintended consequences that may arise out of the development of retirement village in Malaysia is also discussed in this paper. Document analysis on relevant Malaysian retirement village is conducted. Reference to other models of retirement village in other countries is also made in identifying the suitable practices to be implemented in Malaysia. Having a proper legal guideline on this shall improve the well-being and quality of life of Malaysian senior citizens in line with Sustainable Development Goals. This legal framework shall be helpful to the authority, government agencies, community, and operators of retirement village in Malaysia.

Sustainable solid waste management contributes to three important aspects of sustainable development, namely, the environment, and economics, and social well-being. Electronic waste (also known as e-waste) is a type of household hazardous waste that will contribute to environmental pollution if it is managed unsustainably, as its disposal in landfills will contribute toxic substances to the landfill leachate, which subsequently could adversely affect the environment. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the sustainable household e-waste management in Malaysia from a legal perspective by employing library research methodology. The lack of a legislation in respect of household e-waste management is identified as one of the challenges, which has caused difficulty in managing household e-waste. Hence, there is a need to improve the existing legal framework to enhance the sustainable management of household e-waste in Malaysia.