Moral value is one of the crucial elements in human development, where moral or civic education formed a substantial part of the focus on personal development. This study examined the inculcation of universal moral values (UMVs) using language in teaching and learning as a vehicle to instil the UMVs. It has been ascertained through previous research findings that there is a dearth of systemic review approaches used in examining the universality of moral values, and how they can be inculcated via language teaching and learning. Hence, the use of the systemic review approach in this study contributes significantly to the field of the research area, as it employed this type of approach to fill the gap in the field discipline. In this study, the relevant literature on UMVs in language pedagogy (teaching and learning) are analysed based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement review method. Through the systematic review of Scopus, Web of Science, EBSCOhost, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and Research Gate databases, it was identified that there were 29 related studies. The result revealed four main themes related to the inculcation of UMVs in students through language teaching and learning (LTL). The four main themes comprised: the role of a language teacher, the language curriculum content, language activities, and interactive language multimedia. The researchers forwarded several findings-based recommendations from this study that for future studies there should be an emphasis on UMV-related language analysis, and a parallel research technique be conducted such as contacting experts in the field and citation tracking.

The coming of Islam to Malaysia has recorded a human civilization in various areas, including loanword. However, this loanword was not going on one fixed line, as the reality of the Malay Language is subjected to phonetic and morphology changes as well as semantics to satisfy the needs of Malaysians in their personal and social lives. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the forms of semantic change of Arabic loan words in the Malay language, by relying on the descriptive-analytical, historical, and contrastive approach. The results of the study revealed the semantic change in Arabic loan words in the Malay language found in five forms: hyperbole, meiosis, widening, narrowing, and metaphor/metonymy. The factors leading to these semantic shifts can be attributed to the emergence of the urgent need for a new word or a word better than others to express the intended meaning and keep pace with social and cultural development, semantic deviation, customs and traditions practised by Malaysian people.

This study aims at proving the existence of Arabic language structure in the Hadith text which is in contradiction with the grammaror known as La langue. Furthermore, this study explains the application of Optimality Theory to evaluate and describe such Arabic language structure. The result shows the application of Optimality Theory requires two main criteria which are grammatical optimality and linguistic usage optimality. In addition, these two criteria are used to measure as to what extent the structure complies in accordance with the element of optimality. Thus, by applying Optimality Theory, it avoid from the usage of multiple grammar, variety of results and evaluations such as an error and humiliation for wrong language usage. However, it can be categorized as La langue or alternative linguistic forms and plays an important role as a medium of transferring messages which cannot be done by any language structure with correct grammar as a whole.

Nowadays, Arabic language pedagogy has improved its content to align with the updated and revised global knowledge. However, most Arabic language morphology books learned and used by non-native speakers are designated based on conventional information. The content relies mainly on discussing Arabic words' physical characteristics rather than acoustic characteristics. For instance, some contemporary Arabic linguists have not revised how phonics is formed, for example, the dual and Salamah plural structure. On that note, this study investigates the phonological rules and their explanation of how the dual and salāmah plurals are formed, which can be beneficial in teaching Arabic morphology. The study utilizes the descriptive analytical approach by identifying all types of dual and salāmah plural in the Arabic language and analyses based on the phonological framework using international linguistics transliteration symbols. One of the most important findings of the study is that the vocal structure of dual and salāmah plural is formed by adding suffix in the single last word, namely for dual: āni, and, and for salāmah plural: ūna, īna, ātu, and āti. The most critical phonological rules that formed these structures are the Arabic language's dissimilation and the syllable system. The benefits of this study for teaching Arabic are to facilitate morphological descriptions for non-native Arabic learners and present an accurate analysis using symbols and phonological rules, which is more significant to comprehend the nature of human language based on modern scientific thinking.

This study aims to find out issues of the ungrammatical substitution in Hadith's structure through Ibn Malik's book (Šawāhid Al-Tawdīḥ). It is to measure the degree of structure's agreement with grammar, based on the two criterions: Grammaticality Optimality and Linguistic Usage Optimality. By the analytical descriptive method, the result shows this substitution appears in four issues: the first two issues are related to the subject predicate elements, the third is the attachment of the "Nun Wiqāyah" to the noun, and the fourth is the transformation form from the adjective structure into the Iḍāfa structure. All Grammaticality Optimality elements which were violated are located at formal signs. The main factors for this violation are the operational of optional linguistic law which in some contexts leads to false analogy doing. As a result, alternative forms were produced and they have similar linguistic usage from Quran and Arab Poetry which proves that leaving the Hadith as linguistic evidence in Arabic grammar is not justified, and it denies the specificity of the language of poetry.