As the effectiveness of an early detection of breast cancer using the mammography method alone is uncertain, it is crucial to provide an alternative method instead. This paper analyzes two optical flow algorithms utilizing a gradient method to aid current imaging techniques for a potential alternative method in aiding early breast cancer detection. The gradient method is a cost effective method that has the potential to be a mass screening method for this purpose. This paper compares two optical flow algorithms that are capable to detect the motion of breast tumor on B-mode ultrasound images. An analysis of 2D images of breast cancer lesions are compared using two gradient optical flow algorithms: Horn & Schunck and Lucas & Kanade. Both algorithms successfully show the direction of the tumor motion. However, while Lucas & Kanade can handle the short motion displacement of the tumor on the tested ultrasound images, Horn & Shunck failed to do so. This implies that the Lucas & Kanade algorithm is potentially more effective in handling ultrasound images of breast tumor. The results obtained showed that the Lucas & Kanade give better accuracy compared to Horn & Schunk. � 2013 IEEE.

This paper is a study on the hardware implementation of the modified A5/1 stream cipher used for Global System for Mobile (GSM) communication. While software simulation is one of the possible methods used to test the security of the cryptographic algorithm, one must also consider the practicality of the algorithm�s design which ultimately is to be implemented into hardware, in line with the exponential increase in the need for high speed and high performance devices. Despite the numerous work reported on the design versus security trade-off of the A5/1, to the best of the author�s knowledge, none looked at the effect of the modified design parameters, specifically the total bits and number of linear feedback shift registers (LFSRs) on the power performance of the algorithm when translated into hardware. In this work, three modified designs, with varying number of LFSRs and total bits are looked at. An increase in the number of LFSRs is observed to result in the highest power consumption, while the combination of both increased total bits and LFSRs reduced this need for power slightly. It has been found that an increase in the number of total bits alone gave the best hardware performance overall. � 2017 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.