Rehabilitation in healthcare systems provides therapy and training to restore quality life after certain illness, addiction or accident. Currently, there is a significant unmet need for rehabilitation services, and it is frequently undervalued in the health system. As populations age and the prevalence of noncommunicable diseases and injuries increases, and the demand for rehabilitation grows, strengthening rehabilitation in health systems becomes ever more paramount. Conventional rehabilitation service can be costly and time consuming to people not living near the rehabilitation centres. Often people with lower income who live in rural areas refuse rehabilitation services due to the logistic issue. On the other hand, in urban areas, most people are too busy with their daily activities and unable to keep their therapy schedule consistently. In consequence, patients do not enjoy the actual benefit of rehabilitation because of a certain limitation such as cost and time. These limitations can be surpassed by putting telerehabilitation, an emerging area of performing rehabilitation medical treatment with the use of technology from a distance into practice. Scientific studies of telerehabilitation in the current literature are discussing primarily in the area of readiness, technologies, and illnesses such as children autism and heart failure. However, there is limited evidence about telerehabilitation service for stroke patients, concentrating on the pre-implementation and implementation stages, which makes this paper viable and significant, potentially for telerehabilitation implementation in Malaysia. This paper proposes a new conceptual model of hybrid telerehabilitation that combines several technological principles, such as cloud, virtual reality, and computer-based system. The model was derived based on a study of a public tertiary hospital in Malaysia. The current traditional system was investigated and discussed. A new telerehabilitation model is proposed to widen the access for rehabilitation to patients of all ages. � 2019 IEEE.

Quality-in-Use (QinU) is one of the most important quality aspects of a web application, which represent users' viewpoint. Measuring QinU gives a strong indicator on the success of web applications. In addition, it has been used frequently to evaluate the overall quality of web applications. There are many studies in QinU that enriched the science of web engineering. However, contributions of these studies were dispersed and usually address a certain aspect of QinU. This study attempts to gather and improve the best contributions of the previous studies in a conceptual framework to evaluate QinU based on ISO/IEC 25010 and 25012 standards. The outcome is a proposed framework, which will demonstrate the procedural flow between different stakeholders (Decision-maker, Evaluator, Developer and End-user). This procedural flow affects the evaluation process of web application quality. Furthermore, the framework demonstrates the process of measuring QinU attributes by implementing the proposed Quality-in-Use Evaluation Model (QinUEM). The future works are to evaluate the Quality-in-Use of several web applications using the proposed conceptual framework and test the results using quantitative and qualitative methods.

Phishing is a threat in which users are sent fake emails that urge them to click a link (URL) which takes to a phisher's website. At that site, users' accounts information could be lost. Many technical and non-technical solutions have been proposed to fight phishing attacks. To stop such attacks, it is important to select the correct feature(s) to detect phishing emails. Thus, the current work presents a new method to selecting more efficient feature in detecting phishing emails. Best features can be extracted from email's body (content) part. Keywords and URLs are known features that can be extracted from email's body part. These two features are very relevant to the three general aspects of email, these aspects are, email's sender, email's content, and email's receiver. In this work, three effectiveness criteria were derived based on these aspects of email. Such criteria were used to evaluate the efficiency of Keywords and URLs features in detecting phishing emails by measuring their Effectiveness Metric (EM) values. The experimental results obtained from analyzing more than 8000 ham (legitimate) and phishing emails from two different datasets show that, relying upon the URLs feature in detecting phishing emails will predominantly give more precise results than relying upon the Keywords feature in a such task. � 2014 IEEE.

Currently, mobile botnet attacks have shifted from computers to smartphones due to its functionality, ease to exploit, and based on financial intention. Mostly, it attacks Android due to its popularity and high usage among end users. Every day, more and more malicious mobile applications (apps) with the botnet capability have been developed to exploit end users' smartphones. Therefore, this paper presents a new mobile botnet classification based on permission and Application Programming Interface (API) calls in the smartphone. This classification is developed using static analysis in a controlled lab environment and the Drebin dataset is used as the training dataset. 800 apps from the Google Play Store have been chosen randomly to test the proposed classification. As a result, 16 permissions and 31 API calls that are most related with mobile botnet have been extracted using feature selection and later classified and tested using machine learning algorithms. The experimental result shows that the Random Forest Algorithm has achieved the highest detection accuracy of 99.4% with the lowest false positive rate of 16.1% as compared to other machine learning algorithms. This new classification can be used as the input for mobile botnet detection for future work, especially for financial matters. 2017 IEEE.

SMS spamming is an activity of sending unwanted messages through text messaging or other communication services; normally using mobile phones. Nowadays there are many methods for SMS spam detection, ranging from the list-based, statistical algorithm, IP-based and using machine learning. However, an optimum method for SMS spam detection is difficult to find due to issues of SMS length, battery and memory performances. Hoping to minimize the aforementioned problems, this paper introduces another detection variance that is based on common characters used when sending SMS (i.e. numbers and symbols), SMS length and keywords. To verify our work, the proposed features were stipulated into five different algorithms and then, tested with three different datasets for their ability to detect spam. From the conduct of experiments, it can be suggested that these three features are reasonable to be used for detecting SMS spam as it produced positive results. In the future, it is anticipated that the proposed algorithm will perform better when combined with machine learning techniques.

Phishing is a cybercrime in which, Internet users are delivered, commonly through emails, to simulated websites where they could be lured to disclose their personal information for attackers’ benefit. Phishing attacks were increased about 60% in the second half of 2013 over what was seen in first half of the same year. Although the number of proposed anti-phishing solutions, phishers still able to bypasses anti-phishing systems, in many cases, through users’ inattention behaviour. Therefore, phishing becomes a layered problem that require addressing issues at both of technical and non-technical (human) layers. Numerous of client-side toolbars were proposed as a technical solution to combat phishing attacks at user’s layer. Anti-phishing toolbars however, still unable to completely protect users from phishing attacks. This paper has reviewed theses toolbars to provide a clear understanding about their performance and limitation points. Such a review is required to draw clear directions of future solutions to alliviate these limitations.

Spam these days has become a definite nuisance to mobile users. Provision of Short Messages Services (SMS) has been intruded, in line with an advancement of mobile technology by the emergence of SMS spam. This issue has not only cause distressing situation but also other serious threats such as money loss, fraud, and false news. The focus of this study is to excavate the features extraction in classifying SMS spam messages at users� end. Its objective is to study the discriminatory control of the features and considering its informative or influence factor in classifying SMS spam messages. This study has been conducted by gathering research papers and journals from numerous sources on the subject of spam classification. The discovery offers a motivational effort for further execution in a wider perspective of combating spam such as measurement of spam�s risk level. � Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2016.

Skew detection and correction of documents is a problematic step in document image analysis. Many methods have been proposed by researchers for estimating the angle at which a document image is rotated (document skew) in binary image documents. Therefore, this paper aims to evaluate the most frequently skew detection techniques cited in the literature which are (i) Projection Profile Analysis (PP), (ii) Hough Transform (HT) and (iii) Nearest Neighbour (NN). This study points out the weaknesses and the strengths of each method and compares the performance of these methods in term of speed and accuracy. The evaluation result shows that in term of speed, the NN technique achieves the fastest time. However, NN performs poorly for the accuracy estimation. PP gives the best angle estimation even though it takes the longest time to execute. Hence, this finding can be used as the basis evaluation review for image analysis researchers in improving the existing technique of skew detection and recommend algorithm with a better accuracy in a shorter time. 2015 IEEE.

Nowadays, mobile botnet has become as one of the most dangerous threats for smartphone. It has the capabilities of committing many criminal activities, such as remote access, Denial of Service (DoS), phishing, spreading malwares, stealing information and building mobile devices for illegitimate exchange of information and it is crucial to have an efficient mobile botnet detection mechanism. Therefore, this research paper presents a systematic review analysis of root exploitation for mobile botnet detection and a proof of concept how the mobile botnet attacks. This proof of concept includes analysis of mobile botnet sample using reverse engineering technique and static analysis. Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016.

This research is concerned with the design and evaluation of an Electronic Laboratory Notebook (ELN) for the simulation of chemical processes. It provides quality provenance information for scientists wishing to compare simulation runs with in vitro experimental data. The research is grounded in the EUROCHAMP-2 community. The community uses a benchmark Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) in order to undertake their model simulations. The goal is to ensure that, for each atmospheric chamber experiment, a computational model is evaluated/developed using the MCM. This paper builds on earlier research on an ELN for this community. The main contributions are: (1) a re-engineered ELN co-developed by EUROCHAMP-2 chemists and computer scientists where the focus is to enable community scientists to capture and extract useful provenance information, (2) a novel Inline Provenance Node Navigator (IPNav) is provided which enables a modeller to navigate through the trail of the runs as a simulation is created, and (3) the results of an initial user evaluation of the ELN undertaken with two practising modellers. � 2011 IEEE.

The single layer of ZnSe has been studied to understand the structure using density functional theory. The vibrational frequencies of several cluster of ZnSe have been calculated when the Kohn-Sham equation solved at the ground state energy. We have done the calculation for 34 models of ZnSe clusters but only the stable molecules will be discussed. The bond length, Fermi energy and binding energy of ZnSe clusters have been calculated. The experimental result of single layer of ZnSe shown by Nesheva et. al. using different thickness of layers until 1?m [1]. The Raman spectra of ZnSe shown several peak for different thickness. In this paper, we will show the comparison of our calculated result with the experimental Raman spectra to show the existent of cluster. � 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.

This paper presents an approach for tackling multiple metrics and various network parameters simultaneously to investigate the performance of wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols. The study uses Taguchi's loss function to determine the best condition in yielding maximum throughput and minimum packet drop and routing overhead simultaneously for dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. Studying the parameters one at a time or by trial and error until a first feasible design is found seems to be a common approach to design optimization. In this paper, the impact of ad-hoc network parameters such as terrain, network size, number of sources, packet transmitted rates, node speed and pause time on a multiple signal to noise ratio are investigated simultaneously. We present results based on simulation study according to Taguchi experimental design technique. Optimum levels of ad-hoc network parameters are suggested by using response table and response graph while contribution of significant parameter are estimated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the terrain size, number of sources, transmission packet rates and nodes speed are the significant parameters affecting DSR performance in wireless ad-hoc networks. � 2011 IEEE.

Agent-based IDS is a powerful technique used by network administrator to monitor traffic activities in their network. However, the widespread network coverage has introduced a possibility of a hacker installing unauthorized agents or fake agents secretly within the network. This is considered as a very serious threat to the network security. This paper proposes a protocol that is used to detect the presence of a fake agent upon its installation. The technique is a combination of Elgamal encryption, Elgamal digital signature, and SHA-I message digest function. A simple implementation was developed to test the proposed protocol. 2008 IEEE. DOI 10.1109/CIT.2008.Workshops.122.

A surveyof amphibians and reptiles at Tasik Pergau, Kelantan was conducted from 30 until 31 October 2019 and 22 until 23 November 2019. Four sampling locations were surveyed, namely Long 1 & 2, Suda, Renyok, and Terang intake. The study was conducted using the Visual Encounter Survey method, an active sampling technique that is efficient for short observations. A total of 164 individuals were recorded which comprised of sixamphibian families and six reptiles families. The amphibian families recorded are Bufonidae, Dicroglossidae, Megophryidae, Microhylidae, Ranidae and Rhacophoridae. A total of 19 amphibian species of and eight reptile species were recorded during the sampling period. In addition, this study has recorded about 12 new records of amphibians and reptiles in Pergau area. These species are Limnonectes dionodon, L. malesianus, L. plicatellus, Megophrys nasuta, Hylarana erythraea, H. signata, Polypedates discantus, Calotes emma, Cyrtodactylus pulchellus, Eutropis macularia, Ahaetulla prasina and Xenochrophis trianguligerus,adding up to the total number of amphibians and reptiles to 42 species. Further studies need to be conducted intensive and extensively to obtain more information regarding amphibians and reptiles in Pergau area. � Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.

Ontology analysis has been shown to be an effective first step in the construction of robust knowledge based system. Moreover, the popularity of semantic technologies and the semantic web has provided several beneficial opportunities for the modeling and computer security communities of interest. This paper describes the role of ontologies in facilitating network security modeling. It outlines the technical challenges in distributed network security simulation modeling and describes how ontologybased methods may be applied to address these challenges. The paper concludes by describing an ontology-based solution framework for network security simulation modeling and analysis and outlining the benefits of this solution approach. �2008 IEEE.

Interacted Multiple Ant Colonies Optimization (IMACO) is a newly proposed framework. In this framework several colonies of artificial ants are utilized. These colonies are working cooperatively to solve an optimization problem using some interaction technique. Exploration technique is doing an essential job in this framework. This technique is responsible for directing the activity of utilized colonies towards the different parts of the huge search space. This paper describes the newly proposed IMACO framework and proposes an effective exploration technique. Computational tests show that the new exploration technique can furthermore improve the IMACO performance. These tests also show the capability of IMACO to outperform other well known ant algorithms like ant colony system and max-min ant system. � 2010 IEEE.

Name is regarded as important to human. A person's name can give impact to him/her either positively or negatively. It is important to recognize or match a person's name with the right person. To do this on the computer, we need to develop a rule so that the computer will be able to recognize the right name with the right person. Before developing the rule, the features about the person's name itself need to be identified. So far, there has been very little work on recognizing a person's name in the Malay texts. This research identifies features of authentic narrator's name in the Malay hadith texts. We extracted the authentic narrators' names manually from hadith texts in the purpose of identifying the features of the names. We extracted manually 455 narrator's name from 150 Malay hadith texts. From the extracted name, exist same person of narrator's name with different types of spelling. There are also many forms of the narrator's names which refers to one person. We also identify the name manner in the Malay hadith texts and added 3 more name manners. Then, we developed the rule to recognize the narrators' names in the Malay hadith texts based on the identified features.

Researching about adult workers' adoption reflected to organisation and individual in developing countries are needed due to obtaining better and bridge the gap. In addition, previous empirical studies that conducted on e-learning have shown low adoption rate among e-learners in Jordan. This study aimed to examine factors such as relative advantage, compatibility, complexity, information quality, system quality and service quality that drive adult workers in adopting e-learning system in their learning process. In other words, there is a weakness in applying e-learning implementation in Jordanian government universities. As a result, the Ministry of Higher Education in Jordan needs to have guidelines to help higher learning institutions to implement e-learning successfully and efficiently. A total of 502 adult workers currently pursuing their study at Arab Open University in Jordan were selected to be the sample for this study. Questionnaire was employed as the data collection approach for the present study. The findings revealed that five predictor variables, namely relative advantage, complexity, information quality, system quality and service quality were the most significant factor influencing e-learning adoption. This research has provided new knowledge with regard to e-learning through the development of an e-learning adoption model. Practical contribution includes insights into the factors and causes deterring e-learner from adopting e-learning in their learning process. � 2014 IEEE.

A procedure is one of the most important elements that should be emphasized when handling any incident related with the cyber world. It is easily forgotten by many organizations, IT administrator and users, especially when dealing with the worms attack. Using the incident response methodology as the basis to build up the STAKCERT framework, the researchers have proposed this novel framework which helps to increase the efficiency in handling worm incident, thus facilitate the process of responding to the worm incident. The STAKCERT framework consists of 2 phases where in phase 1, a novel standard operating procedure in worm detection and analysis have been introduced. In phase 2 of the framework, the worm isolation procedure is inspired by apoptosis. Apoptosis is also known as cell programmed death borrowed from the biology term. 2009 IEEE.

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) use tiny, inexpensive sensor nodes with several distinguishing characteristics: they have very low processing power and radio ranges, permit very low energy consumption and perform limited and specific monitoring and sensing functions. However, its security becomes an issue because in WSNs, there is virtual communication by passing the data through sensor via internet. Caused of its limited capability, an intruder can attack the communication easier. Furthermore, routing in wireless sensor networks has, to some extent, been reasonably well studied. However, most current research has focused primarily on providing the most energy efficient routing. There is a great need for both secure and energy efficient routing protocols in WSN. Therefore, this project studies about the packets in WSN. To achieve the objectives, this project used AODV routing protocol to analyze the packets abnormalities in WSNs by using simulation technique. To show the differentiations of packets behaviors, the simulations have been conducted on AODV routing protocol under malicious node and without malicious node. It also conducts an analysis of packets behavior on flooding attack.