This paper explains how the Persian Muslim scholar Abu al-Raihan Muhammad Bin Ahmad al- Biruni, who lived during the mediaeval Islamic era, played as a role model in the social sciences and humanities, particularly in the study of Indology and religions. It begins with the biography of Al- Biruni, and his thoughts as well as his methods in the study of Indology and religions. Then, it examines his encyclopaedic account of Indology in Arabic which is translated by Edward C. Sachau in two volumes as Al-Biruni’s India. Descriptive method and textual approach are used to carry out the investigation of Al-Biruni’s teachings and works. It concludes with reflection on his significant pioneering work in the disciplines of comparative religion and Indology.

The concept of religious dialogue is an important issue in the views of various religions in the contemporary world. Religious dialogue is the mutual conversation and communication between people of religions to discuss current and pressing issues. The purpose of this paper is to explore the position of Islam on religious dialogue in order to engage in dialogue، religious tolerance and harmony with people of other religions in order to achieve the true manifestation of peace، coexistence and tolerencein diversity and respect for each other's rights on the basis of humanity. Accordingly, the paper focuses on the Islamic principles of religious dialogue and its methods، and the analysis of its two main sections: dialogue in worldly affairs and dialogue in religious affairs, and the various forms of Islamic legal provisions. Thus, the study attempts to explore the Qur'anic verses on dialogue, by analyzing them and setting their goals, based on the analytical and the inductive methods to answer the central problems of the Western concept of dialogue between religions and cultures. The study concludes with a series of results, the most important of which is that dialogue between religions in the sense of dawah is one of the greatest Islamic goals.

The attraction in the study of religion continues to develop in this era of globalization. Muslim scholars have pioneered the effort and signinifantly contributed works and achiements in the study of religion. Thus, this study aims to highilight the achievements of Rahmatullah Al-Kairanawi, a 19th century Muslim scholar who specialised in the study of religion. Exposure to contemporary and future researchers on the great treatises of Muslim heritage in study of religion is significance of this study. This study uses qualitative methods through content analysis of the previous research, books, papers and previous thesis related to Rahmatullah Al-Kairanawi. The study found that Rahmatullah Al-Kairanawi made the important contributions in strengthening and defending the Islamic faith from external threats such as extreme non-Muslims, in the 19th century. Keywords: history of religion, comparative religion, izhar al-haq, rahmatullah al-kairanawi.

Survivors from downsizing might lose interest in their jobs after undertaken downsizing process in which can results in high job dissatisfaction within organizations. The current study examines the impact of forced downsizing strategies on employees’ job satisfaction in Libyan education sector. Sample for the current study was drawn from few divisions from the ministry of education located in different parts in Tripoli, Libya. A sample of 258 completed questionnaires took part in the study, yielding a response rate of 73.7%. The results show that downsizing negatively affects the job satisfaction and moral satisfaction of survivors. Based on the conclusion made, policymakers in Libyan education sector must support survivors more dynamically with respect to their upcoming prospects since downsizing was found to have an influence on their job satisfaction.

This article aims to highlight the insights of selected renowned Muslim scholars on the nature of good deeds. The article focuses on analysing spiritual insight of selected Muslim scholars towards the dual dimensions of good deeds, which is inner and outer or physical and spiritual. This article is library research which employs descriptive and analytical study. The article founds that these Muslim scholars affirms the existence of inner dimension of good deeds, and therefore, good deeds comprise of both inner and outer dimension. Both of these dimensions need to be observed accordingly. The balanced observance of these two dimensions of good deeds is critical in order to achieve its real purpose.

Downsizing is a business strategyimplementedto improve an organizations’ financial position by a reduction and reorganization of the workforce. Often survivors after downsizing are not given much attention, yet the achievement of new strategic goals depends on the survivors having positive attitudes, relentless commitment and high motivation. The purpose of this paper was to describe how downsizing influences the motivation of the remaining employees from theoretical perspectives. Research indicates that employees who are motivated and committed contribute vastly to the financial-bottom-line of the organization. Therefore, downsizing organizations should continuously search for ways to increase such qualities among their survivors.

The article examines the philosophy of Avatara, especially Kalki Avatara in Hinduism vis-a-vis Islamic concept of nubuwwah (prophethood). It analyses teachings and objectives of Avatara which claim that God has created no community of human beings in the world without a purpose and left them without a guide or leader. It begins with an introduction of Avatara and its philosophy. Then, it examines the main features of Kalki Avatara and Prophethood within Hindu perspective. Descriptive and Comparative approaches were used to carry out the Islamic analysis of Kalki Avatara. Finally, it elaborates how Islam discusses the issues of Nubuwwah, and approaches Hindu view of Kalki Avatara. The research found some similarities and significant differences on both concepts. While both concept of Avatara and Nubuwwah share many similarities especially on their purposes, Avatara is more related to God's incarnation which does not exist in Islamic teachings.

Today, the training of employees and developing their skills and knowledge are becoming an increasingly important requirement for modern organizations. The evaluation of training takes the same importance just like training to ensure the success of training program. This study aims to examine the level of practicing reaction and learning evaluation if training based on Kirkpatrick theory. The study found that most companies evaluate the reaction of trainees with higher degree comparing to learning evaluation. The result showed that the first and second levels of Kirkpatrick evaluation approach (Learning, Reaction) affect the Behavior of trainers in significant multiple linear correlation, and the associations between these two variables and Behavior are positive. It is concluded that assessment of learning skills and knowledge after training is very important just like the the reaction of trainees on the the training program. The study suggests that motivating trainees to learn new skills and knowledge related to their work are highly important to the organization. The study recommends practicing learning evaluation at the same level as practicing reaction evaluation because both of them take the same importance to the organization and should be examined very well before and after the training program. Keywords: Kirkpatrick theory, Reaction Evaluation, Learning Evaluation

The paper investigates the Mystical Ontology of Inayat Khan (1882-1927), the Indian Sufi master who presented Universal Sufism to the Western Culture, and established the Sufi Order International in 1920 as an international organization which has more than 100 Centres in the contemporary World. The Purpose of this study is to analyse Inayat Khan's mystical thoughts that include Non-dualistic concepts such as Manifestation of God, Divine Being and divinity of human soul. The Sufi message presented by Inayat Khan creates contradictions and confusions in the basics and principles of Islam as they are presented in the name of Islam and Sufism. It is primarily based on qualitative and textual research in which an analysis of Inayat Khan's works is employed as the founding method. It shows further how Inayat Khan systematized Non dualistic ideas and his own in a complex colour symbolism and expounded the monistic concept of God. The paper concludes that Inayat Khan introduced a Philosophy of Non dualism and Religious Pluralism in Muslim dress

This article analyses al-Ghazali’s theory of the Inner Knowledge (‘Ilm al-Batinah) of good deeds or devotional acts (‘ibadah). This article is theoretical in nature, and it involves bibliographic research, employing descriptive and analytic methods. The article argues that al-Ghazali formulates unique and profound ways of understanding good deeds, which, if analysed accordingly alongside his theory of Inner Actions (al-A‘mal al-Batinah), can be developed into a spiritual model of good deeds. The article found that al-Ghazali places great emphasis on the need to understand inner knowledge of good deeds which requires one to understand their Inner Meanings (al-Ma‘ani al-Batinah), real purposes, as well as their different grades and significance. His analysis of these elements is unique and profound, filled with spiritual insight. Al-Ghazali’s insight of this spiritual dimension of good deeds can increase one’s consciousness, and help one to be more attentive or present in performing good deeds or worship.

This paper seeks to discuss how Islam appeals to Muslims to participate in peaceful relations and coexistence with the people of other faiths to bring about a genuine manifestation of peace and brotherhood in unity and respect for the rights of each other on the basis of their common humanity. Therefore, the paper focuses on the Islamic principles of religious harmony and peaceful coexistence among humans, such as human equality, mutual understanding, religious tolerance, and freedom of thought and faith. The study concludes by emphasizing the importance of the Islamic view of peace and coexistence, interwoven with the universal moral discourse which unites all human beings.

This quantitative study aims to discuss the impact of leadership styles on organizational performance in the office of the Minister of State, Governor of Dhofar in the Sultanate of Oman, and the role of organizational culture as a mediating variable. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach and the quantitative approach in data collection. The study population consisted of all workers in the office of the Minister of State in Dhofar Governorate, whose number is (3316) employees. A random sample of (348) employees was chosen, according to krejcie & morgans' (1970) table. A questionnaire was developed, by taking advantage of some literatures. It consisted of (66) statements distributed into (3) domains; the first was to measure leadership styles of (25) statements. Organizational culture of (15) statements. Organizational performance of (26) statements distributed in (4) areas. Analytical methods: descriptive analysis to extract means and deviations, Cronbach alpha coefficient, preliminary data analysis, differentiation validity, multiple linear correlation test, coefficient estimation Quadratic correlation or coefficient of determinations, effect size f (2), structural modeling, direct effect test, and mediator effect test. The results showed that the most frequently used leadership style was the democratic style (3.78), followed by transformational style (3.76), and the least used style was the autocratic style (2.86). Leadership styles affected organizational performance with a high effect size (0.517). It also affected the organizational culture with an effect size of (0.391). Finally, organizational culture acts as a mediating factor in the relationship between leadership styles and organizational performance. With (0.261) = β, and the value of t is greater than (1.69), which is (5.932).

: This study examines the impact of transformational leadership (TFL) and transactional leadership (TSL) on readiness for change (RFC) and learning organisational culture (LOC), as well as the effect of LOC on RFC. It also explores the role of LOC as a mediator in the relationship between leadership style and RFC. A total of 330 administrative staff of three educational ministries in Yemen participated in this study. PLS-(SEM) software was utilised to analyse the data and test the research hypotheses. The findings indicate that TFL and LOC influence RFC. Meanwhile, TSL influences LOC but has no effect on RFC. More interestingly, LOC was found to be a partial mediator in the relationship between TFL and the RFC and a full mediator between TSL and the RFC. The study highlights the importance of transformational leadership and learning organisation culture in leading change initiatives through enhancing the level of readiness for change among the employees.

This paper attempts to find out the perception of non-Muslims about Islam and Muslims in Seremban in the state of Negari Sembilan, Malaysia based on sample survey and interviews. Such a study is warranted because of the plural nature of the society in Seremban whose stability depends upon harmonious relations between various ethnic and religious groups. The analysis of this research involved 100 respondent and it is composed of various educated segments, professionals and university students from different religious background such as Christians, Hindus and Buddhists. The study found that majority of non-Muslims hold positive opinion about their counterpart in this area which augurs well for the stability of the region and the country. Nevertheless, there exists a good number of people holding a negative opinion about Islam and Muslims implying, therefore, the need for more concerted efforts about improving the image of Islam and Muslims in Seremban and other parts of Malaysia. Keywords: Perception, Religious harmony, Co-existence

For a nation with multi cultural pluralistic society to maintain or promote peaceful coexistence, it is crucial to have, positive perception towards their counterparts. Therefore, studying their perception to figure out the current situation is essential to take necessary actions. In this regard, based upon sample survey and interviews, this article attempts to find out the perception of non-Muslims about co-existence with Muslims in Seremban in the state of Negari Sembilan, Malaysia. Such a study is warranted because of the plural nature of Seremban society whose stability depends upon harmonious relations between various ethnic and religious groups. The analysis of this research involved 100 respondents, all of whom are based in Seremban and its surrounding areas. It is composed of various educated segments, professionals and university students from different religious background such as Christians, Hindus and Buddhists. The study found that majority of non-Muslims hold positive opinion about their counterpart in this area which augurs well for the stability of the region and the country. Nevertheless, there exists a good number of people holding a negative opinion about Islam and Muslims implying, therefore, the need for more concerted efforts about improving the image of Islam and Muslims in Seremban and other parts of Malaysia.

The main purpose of this paper is to review the evidence concerning the relationship between transformational leadership dimensions, where are, idealized influence, individualized consideration, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation, and organizational readiness for change. Furthermore, full range leadership theory hypothesizes that transformational leadership dimensions would positively and strongly relate to members' perception of organizational change readiness. The research aims to appraise the existing literatures and eventually set the research agenda. There were many studies revealed that there are relationships between transformational leadership and organizational readiness for change. This paper concludes with suggestions for educational leaders on how to focus and enhance the role of transformational leadership dimensions based on the readiness for change, in order to implement successful changes. Despite its exploratory nature, this study can guide Yemeni public sector’s employees on how to respond the change implementation. Similarly, it can provide leaders a clear insight into how they can generate a high level of readiness for change among their followers, which demonstrates the importance of employee readiness for change.

The article presents an introduction to the evolution of the perennial and ideological encounter between Inayat Khan’s (1882-1927) International Sufi Movement and the diversity of religious belief systems. It analyses the teachings and thoughts of Inayatian Sufi Movement which claim that all religions are equally true, or that one religion can be true for some and another for others. It begins with an introduction of Inayat Khan and his mystical message and then, explicates his religious and philosophical thoughts that include unity of religious ideals. Finally the paper concludes with a reflection on the key aspects of Inayatian Sufi order and their policy of Religious Pluralism in view of Islam.

This article analyses the spiritual model of good deeds according to Imamal-Ghazali. Being a great jurist and Sufi master, al-Ghazali made earnest efforts in his own way to rediscover the inner dimension of religious observance and to bring about a return in Muslim societies to a more profound reflection upon the inner dimension of the spiritual life. This article discovers that al-Ghazali formulates an important spiritual analysis of good deeds, offering a sophisticated way of understanding and performing them, formulated within the framework of his own direct mystical experience. This article found that al-Ghazali addresses his own unique and profound ways of understanding and performing good deeds to every level of society which can be developed into a spiritual model in various degrees. He formulates and systematises the Inner Knowledge (‘ilm al-batin) and inner actions (al-a‘mal al-batinah) of good deeds which should be observed equally. He insists that only through the balanced observance of outer and inner dimensions can good deeds achieve their goals and be conducive to spiritual growth.

This study provides an overview of the Hindu belief of God incarnation through the perspective of the Holy Quran. It investigates the Hindu Avatara ideology, which argues that God has not abandoned any human community on Earth without a message or a leader. The fundamentals of Hindu Avatara and its aspects are discussed at the beginning of this work. The study investigates the key elements of Hindu Avatara according to the Holy Qurān, employing descriptive methods and textual analysis. The paper concludes on how the Holy Qurān handles the Hindu concept of Avatara and explains the Islamic principles of Nubuwwah and Ulūhiyyah, emphasizing the rejection of all divine manifestations or incarnations.

This article analyses the dual dimensions of good deeds (i.e. inner and outer or physical and spiritual) according to several renowned Muslim scholars. The inner or spiritual dimension of good deeds has been forgotten both in literature and practical life of Muslims. Therefore, this article is important because it highlights Muslim scholars who made earnest efforts in their own ways to rediscover the inner dimension of religious observance. This is to bring about a return in Muslim societies to a more profound reflection upon the inner dimension of the spiritual life. This article aims to highlight the insights of selected Muslim scholars on the dual dimensions of good deeds, which is the inner and outer. This article is library research which employs descriptive and analytical study. First, it describes general relevant issues before analysing specific area of the selected or main literature such as Ihya’ ‘Ulum al-Din, Qut al-Qulub and other literature. The focus of the article is rather on examining spiritual insight of selected Muslim scholars towards dual dimensions of good deeds. The article founds that these Muslim scholars affirms the existence of inner dimension of good deeds. They promulgated that only through the balanced observance of outer and inner dimensions can good deeds achieve their goals and be conducive to spiritual growth. It is suggested that further research is carried out on analysing particular spiritual preconditions of good deeds according to these renowned scholars.