Spam these days has become a definite nuisance to mobile users. Provision of Short Messages Services (SMS) has been intruded, in line with an advancement of mobile technology by the emergence of SMS spam. This issue has not only cause distressing situation but also other serious threats such as money loss, fraud, and false news. The focus of this study is to excavate the features extraction in classifying SMS spam messages at users� end. Its objective is to study the discriminatory control of the features and considering its informative or influence factor in classifying SMS spam messages. This study has been conducted by gathering research papers and journals from numerous sources on the subject of spam classification. The discovery offers a motivational effort for further execution in a wider perspective of combating spam such as measurement of spam�s risk level. � Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2016.

This paper reported and summarized findings of spam management for Short Message Service (SMS) which consists of classification and clustering of spam using two different tools, namely RapidMiner and Weka. By using the same dataset, which is downloaded from UCI, Machine Learning Repository, various algorithms used in classification and clustering in this simulation has been analysed comparatively. From the simulation, both tools giving the similar results that the same classifiers are the best for SMS spam classification and clustering which are outperformed than other algorithms. . Keywords- SMS spam; RapidMiner; Weka; Naïve Bayesian (NB); Support Vector Machine (SVM); k-Nearest Neighbour (kNN); K-Mean; Cobweb; Hierarchical clustering; spam classification; spam clustering. .

The issue of spam has been uprising since decades ago. Impact loss from various aspects has attacked the daily life most of us. Many approaches such as policy and guidelines establishment, rules and regulations enforcement, and even anti-spam tools installation appeared to be not enough to restrain the problem. To make things even worse, the spam�s recipients still easily get enticed and lured with the spam content. Hence, an advanced medium that acts as an implicit decision maker is desperately required to assist users to obstruct their eagerness responding against spam. The simulation of spam risk assessment in this paper is purposely to give some insights of how users can identify the imminent danger of received text spam. It is demonstrated by predicting the potential hazard with three different levels of risk (high, medium and low), according to its possible impact loss. A series of simulation has been conducted to visualize this concept using Danger Theory variants of Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), namely Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) and Deterministic Dendritic Cell Algorithm (dDCA). The corpus of messages from UCI Machine Learning Repository has been deployed to illustrate the analysis. The outcome of these simulations verified that dDCA has consistently outperformed DCA in precisely assessing the risk level with severity concentration value for text spam messages. The findings of this work has demonstrated the feasibility of immune theory in risk measurement that eventually assisting users in their decision making. � Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018.

Over the past two decades, there has been a substantial increase in spam messages that caused critical impact loss. Besides the factor of integration of Internet and mobile technology, this issue is also due to the human's reaction towards spam. This paper presents RiCCA or Risk Concentration for Context Assessment model that performs a risk classification of text spam messages in Short Message Service (SMS) format. The identified risk levels will assist users in anticipating the potential impact of the spam message that they have been receiving. Danger Theory, a prominent theory from Artificial Immune Systems (AIS), inspires the developed model. During the simulation phase, an immunological-based testing lifecycle is applied, with the deployment of the dataset that is shared at UCI Machine Learning Repository and self-collected messages. The performance of the testing revealed a distinctive result, which more than 80% of true positive rate is achieved, employed with two variants algorithm from the Danger Theory; Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) and Deterministic Dendritic Cell Algorithm (dDCA). This simulation demonstrated that the Danger Theory as a feasible model to be applied in measuring the risk of spam. The further articulation on how this immunological-based testing lifecycle is applied in computer simulation and adopting mobile spam as the case study is clarified thoroughly. � International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology.

This present paper relates Danger Theory of Artificial Immune Systems, which has been introduced by Polly Matzinger in 1994 with the application in risk assessment. As to relate the concept of Danger Theory in risk assessment, a situation of determination severity level for detected Short Messaging Service (SMS) spam is applied. However, further testing is needed as to demonstrate the explained concept. Danger Model that based on the idea of the immune system is appear to be suitable as the fundamental principles and the most generic available solution as to assimilate its theory into the risk assessment environment especially that involve severe or hazardous impacts. � 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.

The vast amount of online documentation and the thriving of Internet especially mobile technology have caused a crucial demand to handle and organize unstructured data appropriately. An information retrieval or even knowledge discovery can be enhanced when a proper and structured data are available. This paper studies empirically the effect of pre-selected term weighting schemes, namely as Term Frequency (TF), Information Gain Ratio (IG Ratio) and Chi-Square (CHI2) in the assessment of a threat's impact loss. This feature selection method then further fed in conjunction with the Dendritic Cell Algorithm (DCA) as the classifier to measure the risk concentration of a spam message. The final outcome of this research is very much expected to be able in assisting people to make a decision once they knew the possible impact caused by a particular spam. The findings showed that TF is the best feature selection methods and well suited to be demonstrated together with the DCA, resulted with high accuracy risk classification rate. � 2017 IEEE.