Medical experiments on humans are among the most dangerous that a person can be exposed to, especially in light of the tremendous scientific and technological progress that the health field is witnessing, which harms the human right to health safety, the problem of the study stems from the jurisprudential difference about the legality of medical experiments on the human body According to the traditional view, there is no legitimacy for medical experiments when they are stripped of the intention of treatment and cure, and therefore the doctor is asked about errors in the medical experiments that he conducts for the purposes of scientific research, while the modern jurisprudential view legitimizes medical experiments whenever they are for the purposes of healing, treatment and scientific research if they are abstract From the material character, and this requires the approval of rules and regulations for these experiments through the approval of legislation for this type of experiments, similar to many developed countries, such as the French law, and from this problem the objectives of the study are reflected, which is to clarify what is meant by non-therapeutic medical experiments, and to discuss the legitimacy of medical experiments other than Curative treatment on the human body, as well as clarifying the legislative position on non-therapeutic medical experiences on the human body, as well as explaining the responsibility for To violate the rules for conducting these experiments, and to facilitate the achievement of the objectives of the study, its approach is inductive approach based on extrapolating and analyzing texts, in order to reach effective solutions to the study problem.

Digital evidence is now increasingly relevant and becoming a wide-ranging issue, such as crimes committed, the movement of suspects and criminal associates in different forms of crimes for investigation and prosecution. The purpose of this research is to systematically review recent literature relating to the requirement on the admissibility of digital document in court. This qualitative research uses systematic literature review to collect recent related literature, which was then evaluated by adapting deductive and inductive reasoning using the method of content analysis. The data gathered by using comparative research that aims to make comparisons across different two database. The result of the study the basic requirements on accepting the digital document in court. In order to ensure the validity and consistency of the digital evidence submitted to the court, this paper aims to clarify the admissibility of digital evidence in court, and then implement the process by collecting preserved and properly administered. Because digital evidence is continually expanding, the need for certain procedures is important. As a researcher, contributes to the development of knowledge by discuss recent academic writing that can cause more elaborate studies and connected on the issue of the admissibility of digital document in court.

Major shifts in the science and technology landscape have made the collection and analysis of digital evidence an increasingly important tool in resolving crimes as well as preparing the case for the trial in the court. Digital documents are known as electronic documents and it can be used as a means of proof in court. Also, digital documents can be used as evidence in the category of documents based on the definition given in Section 3 of the Syariah Court Evidence (Federal Territories) Act 1997 [Act 561]. However, the digital document as a means of proof is still needed to be discussed in detail regarding its admissibility in the Syariah court. This is because there is no specific provision according to Syariah Court Evidence law on the use of it. This study, therefore, focuses on the concept of digital documents as evidence according to Syariah Law. This study aims to discuss from the Islamic legal perspective on digital documents as a means of proof from the holy Quran, hadith, legal maxims and acts. This study also will focus on the admissibility of the digital document as evidence in the Syariah court in Malaysia. The methodology of this study is a qualitative approach by using document analysis of article papers, journals, statutes and also related document references. The results show that the need to accept the admissibility of digital document as evidence very high, especially for use in the Syariah court. Studies show that the use of the digital document as evidence serves to support other evidence presented in court.

Digital document is now widely used and actively growing. Any digital document should be relevant, authentic and reliable before being presented in court as evidence. Thus, the basis of this study to determine the admissibility of a digital document from Islamic perspectives particularly the theory, opinion from scholars, law provisions, and the classification of the digital document from Islamic perspectives. This study used content analysis methods on a variety of data obtained including classical and modern legal books, scholarly opinions including books, journal articles, reports, standards, internet publications, and government documents. This study suggests whether the Islamic perspectives only highlight the official and unofficial documents and the is it required for having current classification in this new era? It because to ensure that we do not justify the wrong jurisdiction related to the digital document of topic Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality (VR), and Augmented Reality (AR) for extensive view related to digital document from Islamic perspectives.

The most crucial goal of the Islamic judicial system is to uphold justice. Reasonable judgment is a form of justice. Judgment signifies judging in a prudent, meticulous, accurate and appropriate manner as Allah Almighty has determined. According to the law, the claimant or prosecution must prove his or her claim. There are several types of proof methods. Among them is al-Qarinah. Al-Qarinahin language means sign. From a terminology perspective, it is a description of the situation that reached the level of confidence. Nonetheless, scholars differ in the extent to which al-qarinahis accepted in the law conviction, especially in the case of hududand qisas. The Islamic evidence law is, in fact, dynamic and current. It is entirely independent ofits reality and its environment. It demands change in keeping with the rapid development of science and technology. Today most of the evidence for criminal cases such as adultery, rape, theft and so on is not proven by syahadah, pledge or oath, but it is calling for al-Qarinah. Science and technology have changed human civilization and their attitudes. Crime is increasingly complex and challenging to prove. At the same time, the discovery of science is becoming more and more powerful. DNA evidence, fingerprints, blood tests, CCTVs and more have replaced the role of syahadah, pledge even when the evidence presented by al-Qarinahis sometimes more accurate and convincing. Therefore, this paper attempts to evaluate fuqahapractices of al-qarinahand to obtain a distinct illustration of its position as a method of proving in Islam. The research method used is the literature study which is to evaluate the past and current texts related to al-Qarinahusing comparative and descriptive techniques. The findings of the research show that al-Qarinahwas adopted as a law conviction from a trivial issue to a hududproblem. Keywords: al-Qarinah; al-Qarinah al-Qati’ah; circumstantial evidence; description of the situation

Al-Qur’an merupakan kitab yang diturunkan melalui Nabi Muhmmad SAW bagi menjadi peraturan hidup umat manusia sama ada berkaitan urusan dunia dan akhirat. Al-Qur’an sarat dengan peraturan, pengajaran dan ilmu pengetahuan termasuk berkaitan dengan ilmu sains dan teknologi. Pendek kata, integrasi antara ilmu aqli dan naqli dalam al-Qur’an sangat terserlah. Penemuan ini bukan setakat diagungkan oleh para cendekiawan Islam bah ia diakui sendiri oleh para orientalis barat yang akhirnya membawa kepada keislaman mereka. Pada hakikatnya perundangan Islam tidak mengehadkan kepada kaedah-kaedah pembuktian tertentu sahaja. Sebaliknya, Mahkamah akan menerima mana-mana kaedah yang menepati syarat-syaratnya, asalkan ia dapat meyakinkan mahkamah termasuklah menggunakan kaedah sains dan teknologi moden. Dalam undang-undang keterangan Islam, keterangan dengan sains dan teknologi boleh diletakkan di bawah qarinah dan keterangan pakar. Walaupun begitu, pembuktian melalui sains dan teknologi hanya diletakkan secara umum dalam Akta dan enakmen keterangan di negeri-negeri. Namun ia tidaklah bermakna Mahkamah tidak menerima fakta sains seperti DNA dalam pensabitan nasab. Kertas kerja ini ingin menjawab beberapa persoalan antaranya, sejauh manakah fakta sains dan teknologi dapat dijadikan kaedah pembuktian sepertimana yang termaktub dalam al-Qur’an dan Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam. Selain itu, sejauh manakah amalan Mahkamah Syariah dalam menerima fakta-fakta sains dan teknologi dalam pembuktian.

The rapid advancement of science and technology has significantly impacted various aspects of human life, including the legal system. While documentary evidence was once confined to physical form, the emergence of electronic documents has introduced new dimensions to evidentiary practices. In Malaysian civil courts, the admissibility of electronic documents has been recognised since the 1950s through the Evidence Act 1950 (Act 56) and continues to be widely practised. However, this situation differs in Shariah courts, where legal practitioners remain relatively less exposed to accepting electronic documents as evidence. This study aims to analyse the existing legal framework and the concept of electronic documents as evidence in Malaysian Shariah courts, identify the key challenges in their application, and propose improvements to strengthen relevant legal practices and frameworks. A qualitative approach was adopted through document analysis and semi-structured interviews with Shariah judges, prosecutors, religious enforcement officers, and lawyers. The data collected were thematically analysed using content analysis methods. The findings reveal the absence of a specific provision explicitly referring to “electronic documents” under the current Shariah evidence law. Instead, their admissibility is inferred through the general definition of “documents” and applied on a discretionary basis. The study also identifies major challenges related to authenticity, admissibility, and verification of electronic documents. To address these issues, it proposes re-examining Shariah evidence provisions with reference to civil law, strengthening comparative research between Shariah and civil courts, and enhancing institutional capacity through technology training and the engagement of digital forensic experts. This study is therefore significant in improving the existing legal framework for managing electronic evidence more effectively in the future.

Artikel ini bertujuan menerangkan dan menjelaskan bagaimana kedudukan dan hukum Tawaf Wada’ serta Tawaf Sunat di Dataran Kaabah bagi jemaah haji dan umrah yang menipu memakai ihram ketika ini di Musim Endemik selepas berakhirnya Musim Pandemik Covid-19 dari justifikasi undang-undang Kerajaan Arab Saudi dan Perspektif Fiqh, al-Quran, dan Hadis Rasulullah saw. Bagi mencapai objektif penulisan ini, method keperpustakaan atau analisa dokumen digunakan untuk menganalisa semua dokumen berkaitan yang dikumpul. Dapatan kertas kerja ini mendapati hukum menunaikan Tawaf Wada’ dan Tawaf Sunat di Dataran Kaabah bagi jemaah haji dan umrah yang menipu memakai ihram ketika ini adalah haram, berdosa serta termasuk dalam adab dan akhlak Mazmumah dan dibimbangi akan menganggu kemabruran Haji dan Umrah berdasarkan Fiqh, al-Quran, hadis Rasulullah saw dan Maqasid Syariah. Manakala justifikasi dan keputusan yang diputuskan oleh Undang-undang kerajaan Arab Saudi yang membenarkan Tawaf di Dataran Kaabah hanya untuk Jemaah Haji pada Musim Haji sahaja dan Jemaah Umrah bagi yang menunaikan Ibadat Umrah sahaja adalah tepat dan selari dengan Al-Quran dan As-Sunah, Fiqh dan Maqasid Syariah bagi mengelakkan Masyaqqah, Zahmah, bersesak-sesak dan kemudharatan serta penularan Penyakit Covid-19 dan Influenza yang mana mempunyai hikmahnya yang tersendiri. Diharapkan, hasil penulisan ini akan menjadi panduan dan rujukan kepada bakal-bakal jemaah Haji dan Umrah yang akan datang agar dapat mengikuti dan mentaati undang-undang Tawaf Wada’ dan Tawaf Sunat yang ditetapkan oleh Ulil’ Amri iaitu Pemerintah Kerajaan Arab Saudi dan menyakini hikmahnya dalam melaksanakan Ibadat Haji dan Umrah berdasarkan akhlak mahmudah seterusnya memperolehi Haji dan Umrah yang Mabrur.

Obeying Ulil Amri is one of the things demanded by the Islamic law as long as the injunction is in order to protect the maslahat and prevent mafsadah from happening to the people. Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, several public policies have been developed by Ulil Amri covering various aspects including social, economic, and Islamic religious affairs in Malaysia. Each policy formed is the result of discussion after discussion with authoritative bodies as well as experts in various fields. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying Ulil Amri who is responsible for handling and managing COVID-19 pandemic issues. In addition, this study was also conducted to identify the role and job scope of each Ulil Amri involved in formulating the public policies related to the COVID-19 pandemic. This qualitative study has collected relevant data through primary and secondary documents and further analysed them using the content analysis method. The results of this study found that several ministries involved in the construction of public policies related to Syariah rulings in Malaysia include the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the National Security Council, the Ministry of Health Malaysia, the Minister in the Prime Minister’s Department, and the State Council of Islamic Religion. They are the Ulil Amri who is responsible for handling and managing COVID-19 pandemic issues related to Islamic religious affairs in Malaysia. Each Ulil Amri involved has his own role and jurisdiction. They will work together in formulating any public policy related to Islamic religious affairs. This shows that every public policy produced involves various parties from various fields who work together to safeguard the maslahat and prevent mafsadah from happening to the people.

Presenting the digital document as evidence in court can prove and convict a case, as well as exonerate innocent people. Acceptance of digital documents as a method of proof has been practiced in the civil courts as early as the 1950s and is widely adopted until today. This is because, under civil laws, there is a specific provision in regards to the used of digital documents as evidence. However, this scenario is different with the Syariah courts as there is no specific provision according to Islamic law on the use of it. Not only that, but the Syariah law practitioners are also rarely exposed to cases related to the use of digital documents. Therefore, this study will analyse the position of the digital document under Islamic law. This study also will explore the cases related to the use of digital documents in the Syariah court. This study uses qualitative methods by analyzing documents such as the provision from the Syariah court evidence (Federal Territories) Act 1997 [Act 561], journals, article papers, books and cases reported in legal journals. The results show the use of digital documents as evidence is allowed based on provisions from Islamic law and the need to use it in Syariah courts is very high in line with the rapid development of science and technology. The researchers have also put forward some challenges that will usually be encountered when handling this kind of evidence and suggestions to improve the use of digital documents in the Syariah courts.

Jika dahulunya al-kitabahatau dokumen dilihat kurang popular pada suatu ketika dahulu, namun kini, al-kitabahtelah digunakan secara meluas merangkumi semua aspek kehidupan. Ini kerana, seiring dengan perkembangan sains dan teknologi, kepelbagaian bentuk al-kitabahyang baru telah muncul seperti kamera, CCTV, telefon pintar dan sebagainya yang boleh dijadikan sebagai bahan bukti di Mahkamah. Dokumen berbentuk elektronik ini dikenali sebagai 'E-Kitabah'. Oleh itu, kajian ini dijalankan bertujuan untuk memperjelaskan berkaitan konsep E-Kitabahsebagai keterangan menurut perspektif fiqh dan perundangan Syariah Malaysia, menganalisis dalil pensyariatan penerimaan E-Kitabahsebagai keterangan, dan kaedah pengesahan bagi memastikan keaslian E-Kitabah. Di akhir perbincangan, penyelidik akan membincangkan mengenai isu, cabaran dan cadangan penambahbaikan terhadap penerimaan E-Kitabahdi Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia. Bagi mencapai objektif tersebut, penyelidik telah menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif melalui analisis dokumen dan kepustakaan. Data-data yang dikumpulkan akan dianalisis menggunakan analisis kandungan dan dipersembahkan dalam bentuk subtema. Hasil kajian menunjukkan, E-Kitabahdilihat sebagai salah satu kaedah pembuktian yang popular pada masa kini di mahkamah keadilan. Walaupun bentuk keterangan tersebut boleh diterima sebagai keterangan di Mahkamah Syariah, namun masih tiada peruntukan khusus berkaitan prosedur penerimaan E-Kitabahdi Mahkamah Syariah Malaysia. Selain itu, pengamal undang-undang Syariah juga masih belum terbiasa dalam mengendalikan keterangan sebegini dan ada sesetengah daripadanya menolak pembuktian secara E-Kitabah. Oleh itu, penyelidik mencadangkan untuk meneliti semula peruntukan berkaitan penerimaanE-Kitabah sebagai keterangan di bawah Undang-Undang Keterangan Islam dan mengadakan latihan dan kursus bagi pengamal undang-undang Syariah untuk meningkatkan pemahaman mereka mengenai bukti secara elektronik.

Maqāsid al-Shariʿah has been typically defined as the objectives behind the Islamic rulings or the Shariʿah higher intent. This knowledge is very important for the mujtahids and Islamic scholars not only to understand or interpret the Shariʿah legal texts, but also to deduce solutions for contemporary problems faced by Muslims. Maqāsid al-Shariʿah is traditionally divided into three levels of necessity, which are necessities (al-Ḍaruriyyāt), needs (al-Ḥajiyyāt), and luxuries (al-Taḥsiniyyāt). Extensive discussion of maqāsid al-shariʿah in Islamic jurisprudence has led to the classification of five elements of preservation, inter alia, protection of faith or religion (Hifz al-Din), protection of life (Hifz al-Nafs), protection of lineage (Hifz al-Nasl/Nasb), protection of intellect (Hifz al-‘Aql), and protection of property (Hifz al-Māl). The objective of this study is to systematically analyse the classical and recent literature related to maqāsid al-shariʿah. This qualitative study employs systematic literature review to compile the classical and recent related literature which then analysed it using content analysis method by adapting deductive and inductive reasoning. The data analysed will be deductively displayed in form of matrix table. The said table is inductively clarifying the content of the major issues in each literature. The result of the study portrays the lack of explicit discussion related to maqāsid al-shariʿah in classical literatures. The issue related to the maqāsid al-shariʿah were addressed impliedly by the classical authors as they were more focusing on the basic and fundamental issues related to Islamic jurisprudence. Meanwhile, in recent literatures, the discussion has turned to be more specific, extensive and fruitful which apply to most of the field of knowledge including science and technology. As a pioneer, this study contributes in producing data from the classical literatures to the recent academic writing which can trigger more elaborative studies on maqāsid al-shariʿah. Last but not least, it also supplies the academician extensive literatures directly and indirectly discussed and related to maqāsid al-shariʿah.

The Qur’an is the primary source of Islamic law and holds prescriptive authority in establishing principles and methods of evidence within the Syariah judicial system. This paper focuses on three main evidentiary mechanisms as outlined in the Qur’an: confession (iqrār), witness testimony (shahādah), and oath (al-yamīn). These three instruments are unanimously accepted by scholars and serve as vital means for upholding justice and truth according to Syariah. The main objective of this paper is to critically assess the Qur’anic provisions concerning these evidentiary methods and evaluate their relevance within the practice of Syariah courts in Malaysia. The study employs content analysis of Qur’anic verses, complemented by classical interpretations and a comparison with existing Syariah evidence laws. The findings demonstrate that the Qur’an provides clear and authoritative guidelines for evidence, with specific conditions aimed at ensuring justice and preventing injustice. Confessions must be given voluntarily, witnesses must be trustworthy and of upright character, while oaths function as a complementary measure when other evidence is lacking. This study affirms the effectiveness and coherence of Qur’an-based evidentiary principles in contemporary legal contexts, aligning with Sustainable Development Goal 16, which emphasizes the importance of just, accountable, and inclusive legal systems to ensure justice for all.   Abstrak Al-Quran merupakan sumber utama perundangan Islam yang memiliki autoriti preskriptif dalam menetapkan prinsip dan kaedah pembuktian dalam sistem kehakiman Syariah. Penulisan ini menumpukan perhatian terhadap tiga mekanisme pembuktian utama sebagaimana diperuntukkan dalam Al-Quran, iaitu pengakuan (ikrar), keterangan saksi (syahadah) dan sumpah (al-yamin). Ketiga-tiga instrumen ini merupakan kaedah pembuktian yang disepakati ulamak dan merupakan wasilah penting dalam menegakkan keadilan dan kebenaran menurut hukum Syariah. Matlamat utama penulisan ini adalah untuk menilai ketetapan Al-Quran secara kritikal terhadap kaedah pembuktian tersebut serta relevan pemakaiannya dalam amalan Mahkamah Syariah di Malaysia. Penulisan ini dilaksanakan melalui metode analisis kandungan terhadap nas-nas Al-Quran, ditambah dengan pentafsiran ulama dan perbandingan dengan peruntukan undang-undang keterangan Syariah sedia ada. Dapatan menunjukkan bahawa Al-Quran menetapkan garis panduan pembuktian secara jelas dan berautoriti dengan syarat-syarat tertentu bagi menjamin keadilan serta mengelakkan kezaliman. Pengakuan mestilah dilakukan tanpa paksaan, saksi perlu bersifat adil dan berintegriti, manakala sumpah digunakan sebagai pelengkap apabila tiada keterangan lain yang mencukupi. Penulisan ini mengesahkan keberkesanan serta keselarasan prinsip pembuktian Syariah berasaskan Al-Quran dalam konteks perundangan kontemporari, selaras dengan matlamat SDG 16 yang menekankan keperluan kepada sistem perundangan yang adil, berintegriti dan inklusif bagi menjamin keadilan untuk semua.

Dokumen merupakan kaedah pembuktian yang terpenting pada hari ini. Ciri-ciri dokumen yang bersifat kekal dan jelas sekalipun dalam tempoh yang lama menjadikan ia sebagai pilihan untuk dijadikan bukti dalam banyak urusan. Oleh kerana itulah, terdapat pihak memalsukan dokumen dengan tujuan mendapat keuntungan atau menganiayai orang lain. Kertas kerja ini akan menerangkan konsep dokumen dan pemalsuannya, bentuk-bentuk pemalsuan serta hukuman bagi yang disabitkan kesalahan menurut fiqh dan perundangan. Kajian ini dilaksanakan dengan menggunakan pendekatan mixed-method, iaitu campuran pendekatan kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Responden yang terdiri daripada hakim syarie, pegawai Syariah, peguam syarie, pensyarah serta pelajar Syariah dan undang-undang di Negeri Selangor, Negeri Sembilan serta Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur dan Putrajaya. Berdasarkan kaji selidik yang telah dijalankan, bentuk-bentuk penipuan dan pemalsuan yang paling tinggi berlaku dewasa ini ialah sijil sakit, diikuti tandatangan, memasukkan keterangan palsu dan pengubahan fakta. Selain itu, persepsi responden terhadap bentuk-bentuk penipuan dan pemalsuan adalah pada tahap sederhana iaitu min = 2.45 dan sp 1.07. Terdapat pelbagai bentuk pemalsuan dokumen dewasa ini dan ia berubah mengikut kemudahan semasa. Tidak dinafikan pemalsuan dokumen memberi kesan yang besar khususnya kepada pihak yang dizalimi. Oleh itu mengenali bentuk-bentuk dokumen amat penting bagi memudahkan proses pengecaman antara dokumen atau sebaliknya. Pengamal undang-undang syariah perlu didedahkan dengan secara serius mengenai pemalsuan dokumen dan bentuk-bentuknya supaya mereka dapat membuat keputusan tepat dalam penghakiman.

Perbezaan utama antara hibah mutlak dan hibah amanah adalah berkaitan dengan pemilikan harta hibah. Pemilikan harta dalam hibah mutlak hendaklah dipindahkan sepenuhnya kepada penerima hibah, dan pemberi hibah tidak lagi mempunyai hak atau kepentingan terhadap harta tersebut. Dalam perkara ini, penerima masih dapat menikmati faedah daripada harta tersebut walaupun harta berkenaan telah dipindahkan kepada benefisiari apabila menggunakan produk hibah amanah. Pelaksanaan hibah amanah ini dilakukan dengan mengubah beberapa ciri asal kontrak hibah dengan mengenakan syarat-syarat tertentu berdasarkan syarat ‘umrā dan ruqbā untuk meningkatkan keberkesanan perancangan hartanah alternatif. (Nazrul Hazizi Noordin, et. al. 2016) Namun, pelaksanaan hibah amanah ini tidak disokong oleh undang-undang yang jelas bahkan menimbulkan persoalan berkaitan mahkamah yang kompeten untuk mendengar hibah amanah ini. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk melihat berkaitan persoalan undang-undang yang menjadi permasalahan utama kepada keberkesanan pelaksanaan hibah amanah ini. Kajian perundangan ini berbentuk kualitatif menggunakan pendekatan kajian dokumentasi. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis kandungan terhadap data-data yang diperolehi daripada dokumen-dokumen ilmiah seperti buku, artikel serta laporan kes dari jurnal dalam isu berkaitan keterangan dokumen dan hibah dari perspektif prinsip Syariah. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa permasalahan bidangkuasa ini berpunca daripada pelaksanaan hibah amanah ini telah menggabungkan perkara yang berada di dalam bidangkuasa Mahkamah Syariah dan juga Mahkamah Sivil dalam pelaksanaan hibah amanah tersebut. Kesimpulannya, suatu usaha untuk menggubal undang-undang khusus berkaitan amanah menurut Islam hendaklah dilaksanakan dengan segera bagi menyelesaikan konflik bidangkuasa ini.

On 1 January 2016, the United Nations (UN) General Assembly promoted peace among the countries in the world through the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The Global Peace Index (GPI) 2018 however shows that such a goal is likely to be affected by the unresolved chaos the world has been experiencing for the past decade, which has brought about a gradual decline of peacefulness. This discussion involves the application of current legislation and how effective the legislation is in contributing to the peace agenda. In countries that practice Shari'ah law, previous studies have shown that rejuvenation of the law could play an important role in this matter. Therefore, this study proposes the idea of catalysing global peace through the strengthening of forensic science application in Shari`ah law. The qualitative study applies the inductive and deductive approach in obtaining general and specific conclusions from primary and secondary sources. The findings from this study show that forensic science application is relevant to Shari`ah law based on precedent shariah cases. This specifically involves Islamic evidence law, civil law, criminal law and criminal procedure code which fulfils some of the suggestions in the UN's Sustainable Development Goals and the Positive Peace pillars issued by the Institute for Economics and Peace (IEP). It is hoped that the proposed suggestions will catalyse global peace, improve the GPI in the upcoming years and make the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development a reality.

Purpose of the study: This article focuses on the definition of ‘illegitimate children’ in Muslim society in Malaysia based on its perspective of Shariah law, Islamic family law, civil law in Malaysia, and the existing perception of the Muslim society in Malaysia. This study also aims to compare the legal terms of ' illegitimate children' from various perspectives with the layman definition of illegitimate children. Methodology: Research information has been obtained through the documentary data collection based on report and annual data from the Malaysian government, non-government agencies and relevant turath scriptures to obtain the best definition of “illegitimate child”. Once data have been collected, the data have been analysed using a content analysis method through deductive or inductive reasoning. Main Findings: The result shows that the term ‘illegitimate children’ is based on the opinions of the Muslim Scholars which is the child conceived from adultery act without a legal marriage. However, the definition of illegitimate children is broad and varies among the existing authoritative bodies in Malaysia, which include a child conceived from an adultery act, unregistered because of lack of proper documentation for registration. Applications of this study: The results of this study are expected to assist the authorities especially Malaysian Islamic Development Office - Jabatan Kemajuan Islam Malaysia (JAKIM), National Registration Department (JPN), Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Islamic State Department of Malaysia, Shariah Courts in Malaysia and other agencies and NGOs in formulating strategies and taking follow-up actions. In addition, this study will become a reference to individuals, researchers, academicians, students, and the public in Malaysia. Novelty/Originality of this study: The misunderstanding about the definition of an illegitimate child according to JPN, added by the fact that JPN does not have the jurisdiction at all to determine the validity of the child that is supposed to be placed under the Shariah Court, has triggered an ongoing polemic in the Muslim community in Malaysia, concerning this child status issue. Keywords: Polemic, Illegitimate Child, Shariah Law, Muslim Community, National Registration Department of Malaysia.

The administrative contract, like the civil contract, generates contractual obligations on both sides without distinction between the administration and the contractor, which means that the breach of any of its contractual obligations, which varies according to the type of the contract, generates responsibility for the right of the contractor to obtain compensation for the damage suffered by him. Breach. Jurisprudence and judgments indicate that the administration may breach obligations of a technical nature or obligations of a financial nature, resulting in a breach of contractual error on the part of the administration, which may occur as soon as it breaches the execution of its obligations in the administrative contract deliberately or negligently, or by doing so without intent or negligence. Therefore, the study aims to discuss compensation when the administration fails to implement its contractual obligations of a technical nature. The researcher adopted the descriptive analytical approach, and the topic was discussed in four methods. The results showed that the Law of the Administrative Judiciary Court affirms the right of the contractor to claim compensation for damages caused in the field of the administrative contract, and that he also has the right to terminate his contract in the public interest, in addition to his right to require payment for the work performed. The contractor may also not be entitled to compensation for damage if there is a reason for exemption from compensation.

It is common for many injured individuals to file lawsuits against the automobile industry based on civil liability when a traffic accident occurs due to a defect. However, in this article, we examine the role of criminal liability in providing an effective deterrent to uphold legal standards, ensure consumer protection, and promote accountability. Navigating manufacturer liability within Iraq’s evolving legal and regulatory landscape—shaped by decades of economic and political reform—requires balancing outdated laws with newer policies and enforcement mechanisms in a transitional economy. This study employs a narrative synthesis of the literature, a qualitative method used to summarize and explain existing research on a particular topic. However, research on the subject may be limited, or researchers may have a specific focus on certain aspects of the literature. Key findings suggest that corporate accountability can be ensured by implementing strong laws and regulations effectively. This study's contribution is acknowledging the gaps in Iraq's legal system governing criminal liability for automobile producers, and providing empirical recommendations for legislative reform and policy development in furtherance of consumer safety and legal accountability. Successful reform requires stronger legal protections, improved regulatory enforcement, and increased consumer advocacy.

The phenomenon of designer babies represents a form of modern biotechnological innovation that enables genetic modification of human embryos to produce offspring with specific traits such as intelligence, physical appearance, and desired health attributes. While this technology offers significant medical potential, it raises complex ethical, religious, and legal concerns due to human intervention in the divine order of creation. The objective of this paper is to analyze the issue of designer babies from the perspectives of Islamic law and criminal law, and to identify the boundaries established by the Syariah, as well as the relevant legal provisions concerning human genetic modification. This paper also examines the implications of such technology on the principles of Maqasid Syariah, as well as potential criminal liabilities arising from misuse, moral transgression, or exploitation of human life. This study employs a qualitative methodology, utilizing content analysis of classical and contemporary sources, including jurists' opinions, fatwas, scholarly journals, legal maxims (qawaid fiqhiyyah), and medical ethics resolutions. The significance of this study lies in its examination of Islamic perspectives and legal frameworks governing the application of genetic technology on humans, including potential civil and Syariah criminal liabilities. Preliminary findings indicate that Islam permits genetic modification for therapeutic purposes such as treatment and prevention of diseases. However, Islam rejects any form of manipulation intended for cosmetic enhancement, gender selection without medical necessity, or human capability enhancement, deeming such practices as unlawful and potentially constituting a criminal act. This paper contributes to the development of Islamic bioethical discourse and criminal law by proposing that comprehensive Syariah-compliant and legal guidelines be formulated to regulate the use of genetic technologies in a manner consistent with human dignity and the higher objectives of Islamic law (Maqasid Syariah).   ABSTRAK Fenomena designer baby merujuk kepada inovasi bioteknologi moden yang membolehkan pengubahsuaian genetik terhadap embrio manusia bagi menghasilkan zuriat dengan ciri tertentu, termasuk aspek kesihatan, kecerdasan dan rupa paras. Walaupun teknologi ini berkembang pesat dalam bidang perubatan reproduktif, penggunaannya menimbulkan persoalan etika dan implikasi perundangan yang serius kerana melibatkan campur tangan manusia terhadap fitrah kejadian yang ditetapkan oleh Allah SWT. Sehubungan itu, kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis isu designer baby daripada perspektif hukum syarak dan undang-undang jenayah dengan meneliti batas-batas keharusan syariah serta implikasi liabiliti jenayah yang berpotensi timbul daripada pengubahsuaian genetik manusia. Kajian ini menggunakan metodologi kualitatif melalui analisis kandungan terhadap sumber-sumber primer dan sekunder, termasuk karya fiqh klasik dan kontemporari, pendapat fuqaha, fatwa, qawāʿid fiqhiyyah, resolusi perubatan serta penulisan akademik berkaitan bioetika dan perundangan. Analisis turut dijalankan berdasarkan kerangka Maqasid Syariah dan prinsip undang-undang jenayah Islam serta sivil, khususnya dalam konteks penyalahgunaan teknologi, pelanggaran etika penyelidikan dan eksploitasi terhadap manusia. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan bahawa pengubahsuaian genetik dibenarkan dalam Islam secara terhad, iaitu bagi tujuan rawatan dan pencegahan penyakit yang serius serta selari dengan prinsip pemeliharaan nyawa dan keturunan. Namun demikian, sebarang bentuk manipulasi genetik yang bertujuan kosmetik, pemilihan jantina tanpa keperluan perubatan atau peningkatan keupayaan manusia adalah ditolak kerana bercanggah dengan Maqasid Syariah dan berpotensi diklasifikasikan sebagai suatu bentuk kesalahan jenayah. Kajian ini menyumbang kepada pengukuhan wacana bioetika Islam dan perundangan dengan mengemukakan keperluan penggubalan garis panduan syariah serta kerangka undang-undang yang lebih komprehensif bagi mengawal penggunaan teknologi genetik manusia agar selari dengan nilai kemanusiaan dan prinsip keadilan.