Pendidikan STEM dan Bahasa Arab sering terpisah dalam kurikulum di sekolah. Pembangunkan modul yang dikenali A4STEM bagi pengajaran dan pembelajaran bahasa Arab dalam subjek sains tulen adalah satu usaha merapatkan jurang yang ada. Kajian ini dirangka bagimenilai keberkesanan modul A4STEM di kalangan murid pintar berbakat di Kolej GENIUS Insan (KGI) Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM). Dengan pendekatan integrasi Ilmu Naqli dan Aqli (INAQ), modul interaktif bersepadu dalam platform “Massive Open Online Courses” (MOOC) telah dibangunkan. Kajian kualitatif ini melibatkan empat orang murid yang terdiri daripada dua orang murid lelaki dan dua orang murid perempuan KGI. Sampel kajian telah ditemu bual dan analisis teksperbualan telah ditranskrip secara manual. Kajian menunjukkan keberkesanan modul A4STEM dengan kandungan MOOC yang difahami dan menarik. Modul A4STEM sesuai dan berkesan dalam meningkatkan penguasaan Bahasa Arab dan STEM. Ianya berpotensi untuk dibangunkan dengan lebih komprehensif dan dilaksanakan di institusi pendidikan lain yang menerapkan subjek STEM dalam kursus bahasa Arab mereka.

Perkembangan bidang tafsir di Malaysia diperangaruhi oleh tokoh ulama Melayu daripada pelbagai institusi pendidikan dan setiap daripada mereka mempunyai metode pengajian tafsir yang tersendiri. Keunggulan ilmu tokoh ulama terdahulu dapat dilihat melalui penghasilan kitab-kitab tafsir. Kajian ini bertujuan menganalisis perbandingan aspek pemikiran dan metode penyampaian Muhammad Idris Al-Marbawi dan Mustafa Abdul Rahman dalam karya masing-masing. Fokus kajian ini adalah kepada tafsiran surah Yasin kedua-dua tokoh. Melalui pendekatan kajian perpustakaan, penulis berusaha meneliti dua aspek tersebut dalam karya setiap tokoh dan kemudian membanding antara keduanya. Hasil kajian mendapati pemikiran Al-Marbawi bersifat universal dan integral; pentafsiran beliau sarat dengan perbincangan merangkumi dan merentasi pelbagai bidang ilmu dan aspek. Pemikiran Mustafa Abdul Rahman pula lebih bersifat kontradik dengan Al-Marbawi; pentafsiran beliau mendasar dan merangkumi pengetahuan umum berkenaan ayat. Dari segi metodologi penyampaian Al-Marbawi diwarnai dengan pelbagai pendekatan unik dan susun atur kitab yang sistematik, sementara Mustafa Abdul Rahman menggunakan pendekatan syarahan dengan gaya bahasa yang mudah difahami pembaca.

Quran education module is a major part in the PERMATA Insan Summer Camp programme for the pre-college gifted and talented students. The annual camp programme integrates STEM modules together with the Quran and Sunnah modules to help students understand and relate science topics with the Quran and Al-Sunnah. The camp participants as young as eight years old were required to memorise selected Quran verses during the camp. Many struggled to perform in the Quran education module. This study was conducted to identify various issues faced by the students in the Quran module. They were tested on their memorisation and later grouped for a special interview session. The findings on the various problems faced by them were analysed and grouped into themes. The discussion with the group of gifted and talented between the age of 8 and 11 years old revealed many concerns that have been found in earlier research on this special group of students. The findings would help further explore better ways to improve the teaching and learning of gifted and talented Muslim students.

The current models of gifted and talented education have always been based on the established curriculum designed on the parameters set by the standards in many western countries. While the concepts and ideas are relevant and proven, a Muslim gifted institution must take other considerations in the policy and implementation aspects to cater to the needs of gifted Muslim community. While main goal of gifted education is the student’s intelligent and talent development, the gifted Muslim student has additional areas of development that must be taken into consideration. Many mainstream gifted education models stress on the high academic performers or strong STEM-inclined individuals who displayed strong interest and academic achievement in science subjects. The Muslim gifted students have additional parameters such as religious inclination and interest combined with the Quran memorisation, hadith and Islamic references understanding. This study examines the existing literature on gifted and talented education models and adopts some core elements for the conceptualization of gifted curriculum for Muslim students, focusing on the fundamental elements of Islamic education philosophy. Applying qualitative method, the existing literature are reviewed systematically, and their educational philosophies analysed and compared. Based on the review and analysis, this paper proposes a conceptual framework on the integrated model of existing gifted philosophies from the western and Islamic perspective. The discussion has been framed specifically around the design and implementation of gifted and talented education in Malaysia. This paper will offer a guide to the development of integrated curriculum model – one which is based on the existing models both on the Western and Islamic ideas on gifted education. For gifted institutions adopting this guideline, it will serve as a working policy and implementation framework.

Abstrak: Kolej PERMATA Insan’s integrated Islamic gifted curriculum model emphasizes the use of research and innovation in the understanding of Islamic knowledge with modern science and technology subjects. Kitab Turath, the established traditional Islamic reference, delves deeply into the religion's various disciplines and how they affect every aspect of human life. This paper aims to design a holistic infographic of the Kitab Turath text Tayyib Al-Ihsan Fi Tibb Al-Insan, an old Malay medical reference written by Wan Ahmad Ibn Wan Muhammad Zayn Al-Fatani. This assignment of Ulumuddin project was assigned to nine Level 2 students (17-year-old students), who attended a series of lectures given by an academic specialized in the Turath text. They were further assisted by the STEM lecturers, and Quran instructors to understand the information and knowledge of the text explained earlier. Toward the end of the project, each student created an infographic based on the selected topic explained, and their work was checked for accuracy by the respective lecturers. This paper discusses the preliminary findings to assess the effectiveness of the project and assignment process. The research team can utilize the data gathered here to improve and consider the Turath project as a form of teaching and learning enrichment process in the integration of Naqli and Aqli knowledge for the academic staff and college's students.   Abstract: Model kurikulum pintar berbakat Islam bersepadu Kolej PERMATA Insan menekankan penggunaan penyelidikan dan inovasi dalam pemahaman ilmu Islam dengan mata pelajaran sains dan teknologi moden. Turath, merupakan rujukan Islam tradisional yang mendalami pelbagai disiplin agama dan mempengaruhi setiap aspek kehidupan manusia. Kajian ini dijalankan bagi merekabentuk kandungan sains perubatan tradisional Melayu di dalam kitab Turath Tayyib Al-Ihsan Fi Tibb Al-Insan, rujukan perubatan Melayu lama yang ditulis oleh Wan Ahmad Ibn Wan Muhammad Zayn Al-Fatani. Kajian secara kualitatif ini melibatkan sembilan pelajar Tahap 2 (pelajar berumur 17 tahun), yang menghadiri empat siri kuliah yang diberikan oleh ahli akademik yang pakar dalam teks Turath perubatan tradisional Melayu ini. Mereka seterusnya dibantu oleh pensyarah STEM dan guru al-Quran untuk memahami maklumat dan pengetahuan teks yang dijelaskan sebelum ini. Menjelang akhir projek, setiap pelajar mencipta infografik berdasarkan topik yang dipilih yang dijelaskan, dan hasil kerja mereka telah disemak ketepatannya oleh pensyarah masing-masing. Kertas kerja ini membincangkan penemuan awal untuk menilai keberkesanan projek dan proses tugasan. Pasukan penyelidik menggunakan data yang dikumpul sebagai satu bentuk proses pengayaan pengajaran dan pembelajaran dalam integrasi ilmu Naqli dan Aqli bagi kakitangan akademik dan pelajar kolej.  

For many years, educational researchers have been challenged to prove and justify the effective use of computers in teaching and learning in the classroom. In reviewing the antecedents of computer use in education, many studies have adopted a relatively restricted perspective and confined their research to only technology-based variables, namely students’ attitudes towards computers and their experience in using the computer. In contrast, this study includes an investigation of teachers’ educational perceptions (constructivist beliefs, traditional beliefs) as an antecedent of computer use, while regulating the influence of technology-related variables (computer experience, general computer attitudes) and demographic variables (gender, age). For identifying the distinction in the determinants of computer use in the classroom, multilevel modelling was used (N = 525). For assess primary school teachers’ use of computers in supporting the pedagogical process, an adapted version of the “Class Use of Computers” scale of van Braak et al. (2004) was used. It basically explained the various forms of computer use among primary school teachers, supporting the hypothesis that “teachers’ beliefs are significant determinants in explaining why teachers adopt computers in the classroom.” Concerning the effect of computer experience, general computer attitudes and gender, the findings indicate a positive impact of constructivist beliefs on the classroom use of computers. The use of computers in the classroom is negatively affected by Traditional views.

Purpose – The study examined the effectiveness of an interactive learning platform known as “Intelligent Learning Environment” or iLE that was developed for the PERMATA Insan School Holiday programme. iLE was the online class and support system for the teaching and learning of the Arabic language for gifted and talented students who are non-native speakers of Arabic language. Methodology – From more than 200 programme participants, the researchers randomly selected 10% (20 students) of them. They were primary students who joined the programme since the age of eight. Separate interview sessions were planned, and they were video-recorded. Their responses were analysed using NVivo 10 software. Findings–Respondents found out that iLE helped them in their Arabic language study and revision. The interactive online learning site was easily accessible and always updated. It also helped them to communicate with the tutor and this method also provided instructors the flexibility of portal contents development. Significance – The iLE portal was an efficient online learning model and it was beneficial in increasing students’ vocabulary which in turn improves their writing and reading skills.

As a young, gifted education institution, Kolej PERMATA Insan strives to make its presence felt in the academic landscape in this country and the region. This study explores the internationalisation programs that have been conducted by the college and discovers the participants’ experience in their journey in some of the programs they joined. Their personal insights helped enlighten the effectiveness of the organised internationalisation programs in shaping their mind and understanding on cultural values of the place and people they visited. This paper analysed their individual reflections shared in the form of written journal, reports, and videos. In their own words, the students had been incredibly positive with their involvement in the programs as they valued the pristine environment, system and culture which were considered refreshing and tantalising to their conscience and awareness. This new form of learning was positively welcome by all participants as it successfully provided those lessons never imagined from their typical student’s life in school. Their experience from the programs they joined would be valuable knowledge and skills that will stay with them in the years to come.

The manuscript Kitab Tabaqat al-Umam serves as a crucial reference due to Sa‘id al-Andalusi’s writings on the conceptualization of science from both historical and philosophical perspectives, thereby providing a profound understanding of the term al-‘ulum. The scientific advancements chronicled in this manuscript significantly contributed to the progress of civilizations in India, Persia, Chaldea, Greece, Rome, Egypt, Arabia, Andalusia, and Israel from the medieval period to the 10th century. This study investigates the early historical development of the nations documented in Kitab Tabaqat al-Umam, with the aim of identifying the initial stages of scientific knowledge development that played vital roles within these societies. Additionally, this research aims to propose strategies for the mastery of scientific knowledge through an in-depth epistemological analysis, focusing on the significance, functions, and contributions of science within these civilizations. The findings indicate that intellectuals in many advanced civilizations regarded science as a form of knowledge essential for nation-building and societal advancement. The study corroborates the view that Andalusia experienced a rapid development of science, establishing itself as a center of scientific knowledge for nearly 800 years in the European region. This is evidenced by the high literacy rates among its population, in stark contrast to the underdeveloped and largely illiterate populations in other parts of Europe during the same period.

The current models of gifted and talented education have always been based on the established curriculum designed on the parameters set by the standards in many western countries. While the concepts and ideas are relevant and proven, a Muslim gifted institution has to take other considerations in the policy and implementation aspects to cater to the needs of gifted Muslim community. While main goal of gifted education is the student’s intelligent and talent development, the gifted Muslim student has additional areas of development that have to be taken into consideration. Many mainstream gifted education models stress on the high academic performers or strong STEMinclined individuals who displayed high interest and academic achievement in science subjects. The Muslim gifted students have additional parameters such as religious inclination and interests with focus on the Quran memorisation, hadith and Islamic references understanding. This study examines the existing literature on gifted and talented education models and adopts some core elements for the conceptualization of gifted curriculum for Muslim students, focusing on the fundamental elements of Islamic education philosophy. Applying qualitative method, the existing literature is reviewed systematically, and their educational philosophies are analysed and compared. Based on the review and analysis, this paper proposes a conceptual framework on the integrated model of existing gifted philosophies from the western and Islamic perspective. The discussion has been framed specifically around the design and implementation of gifted and talented education in Malaysia. This paper will offer a guide to the development of integrated curriculum model—one which is based on the existing models both on the Western and Islamic ideas of gifted education. For gifted institutions adopting this guideline, it will serve as a working policy and implementation framework.

The book of Tib MSS2515 is considered a complete manuscript discussing medicine in the Malay world. The study aims to assess the use of traditional medicine and its treatment of skin diseases [focuses on shingles, leprosy, and abscess] in the MSS2515 manuscripts. Textual studies and data extraction are applied using philological methods in identifying diseases and treatment and their categorisation. The pharmacological aspect of [materia medica] is analysed by comparing scientific reports in Google Scholar and PubMed and matching the ingredients with the purpose. Findings showed there are 35 formulations for three types of skin diseases. Part of the pharmacology and its use in the manuscripts is supported with contemporary scientific evidence. Scientific studies should be intensified to confirm the safety and efficacy of formulations in Malay medical manuscripts, as their content has the potential to generate new drugs. This research also contributes to the preservation of Malay medical culture and heritage.

YouTube is a treasure trove for those who are willing to take the initiative to watch, listen and learn. Choosing the correct channels and resources will take anyone to the right classes and teachers and it only left to the imagination the amount of knowledge ready to be discovered and devoured. This study is designed to discover various issues of online learning using YouTube platform among gifted students and prepare the relevant strategies in managing online learning in a new environment such as YouTube channels. This study employed a qualitative approach and students shared their feedback in the form of reflective journal and verbal feedback. Selected students were interviewed to get deeper insights into their experience in using the YouTube resources and learning many new information and ideas from their various teachers. Based on the feedback, majority of students enjoyed the new social media learning approach and acknowledged the new experiences as engaging and practical as they learned by watching, discussing, and practising the newly found knowledge from the videos they watched. The results have significant impact on students and teachers teaching the Ilqa’ Abqari public speaking subject as the videos were found to be realistic in dealing with various topics and skills in public speaking and thinking. The findings can guide the effective design of the Ilqa’ Abqari public speaking lessons and intervention and appropriate for teachers to adopt and apply it.

Lanskap pendidikan negara semakin melangkah ke hadapan dengan lahirnya pelbagai institusi tahfiz yang menggabungkan kurikulum akademik dan tahfiz Al-Quran. Kepelbagaian pendekatan dan pembinaan modul hafazan yang dibuat di setiap institusi memberikan satu peluang unik untuk dinilai, diperhalusi dan seterusnya diangkat sebagai amalan terbaik dalam pelaksanaan pengajian Al-Quran. Berdasarkan penilaian yang dijalankan terhadap modul-modul yang sedia ada, kajian ini mengetengahkan modul pendidikan al-Quran yang holistik dan tidak terhad kepada hafazan al-Quran sahaja. Modul Pendidikan Al-Quran PERMATA Insan ini merangkumi hakhak al-Quran terhadap manusia iaitu al-qiraat, al-hifz, al-fahm, al-�amal dan al-tabligh. Konsep asas yang menjadi landasan pembinaan modul adalah menggunakan pendekatan VARK (Visual, Aural, Read/write, and Kinesthetic). Modul ini juga mengambil kira pendekatan digunapakai dalam sistem pengajaran dan pembelajaran bagi pelajar pintar berbakat yang dikenali dengan Differentiated Model of Giftedness and Talent (DMGT). Selain itu penggunaan teknologi semasa dalam pendidikan Al-Quran turut diaplikasikan dalam pembangunan modul tersebut. Komponen modul ini jika diukur berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom meliputi tahap pengetahuan, kefahaman, aplikasi dan analisis. Modul ini diharapkan dapat menjadi panduan dan contoh kepada mana-mana institusi pendidikan yang ingin melaksanakan program pengajian al-Quran.

Al-Quran merupakan salah satu sumber ilmu naqli dan sumber kepada penerokaan pelbagai bidang ilmu aqli.Pengintegrasian al-Quran dengan ilmu aqli adalah seiring dengan perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dalam tamadun Islam. Kajian ini cuba menyoroti sejarah pengajian al-Quran dan pengintegrasiannya dengan ilmu aqli. Kajian ini adalah bersifat kualitatif menggunakan metodologi kajian perpustakaan. Hasil kajian mendapati perkembangan pengajian al-Quran bermula dengan hafazan, kefahaman, dan seterusnya membawa kepada pentafsiran al-Quran sesuai dengan keperluan semasa. Sebahagian pentafsiran memperlihatkan berlaku pengintegrasian dengan ilmu aqlidan dikategorikan sebagai pentafsiran menggunakan akal.Syarat-syaratpentafsiran menggunakan akalyang digariskan para ulamaiaitu tidak mentafsirkan maksud firman Allah dalam keadaan jahil tentang bahasa Arab dan uṣūl al-fiqh, dan tanpa asas pengetahuan yang diperlukan dalam pentafsiran, tidak menyelidikiapa-apa dalam pengetahuan Allah dan rahsia-Nya,tidak dipengaruhi nafsu dalam tafsiran dan penggunaan akal, tidak mentafsirkan untuk menyokong mazhab dan pemikiran yang rosak, tidak bercanggah dengan ayat-ayat al-Quran yang laindan ketetapan ayat-ayat lain, tidak bercanggah dengan hadis sahihdan tidak menetapkan pendapat yang bertentangan dengan perkara-perkara yang ditetapkan oleh hadis-hadis, tidak bercanggah dengan maksud bahasa Arab dan tidak mentafsirkan perkataan dan susunan al-Quran dengan tafsiran yang bertentangan dengan makna bahasa, penggunaannya, dan taṣrīf, dan tidak mendakwa bahawa tafsirannya adalah apa yang dimaksudkan oleh Allah tanpa sebarang bukti.Kajian ini penting dalam memastikan pengintegrasian pengajian al-Qurandengan ilmu aqli terutama dalam bidang tafsir al-Quran dilaksanakan dalam kerangka yang dibenarkan syarak.

This research purpose is to profile the sleep quality of Kolej GENIUS Insan’s students in four type of components which include the General Productivity, Social Outcomes, Activity Level and Vigilance that has been labelled as Component 1, Component 2, Component 3 and Component 4 respectively. Firstly, articles related to sleep quality and factors affecting sleep quality were studied and reviewed. Next, random sampling method is used to collect data from a group of 35 students that aged approximately around 17 years old. They were required to answer the Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire (FOSQ) which had been distributed and their data will be verified using the total of percentage that is calculated in each component. Thus, the results obtained in the study has recorded the total of 56.79% for Component 1, 65.71% for Component 2, 63.33% for Component 3 and 79.59% for Component 4. Based on the results, the profiling of Functional Outcomes of Sleep Questionnaire shown that Component 4 which is the Vigilance recorded the highest percentage while Component 1 which is General Productivity recorded the lowest percentage whereas the higher the percentage, the lesser the component was affected by poor sleep quality reception. This concludes that the general productivity of a student was the most affected due to poor sleep quality reception while the vigilance of the student was the least affected.

This study covers the need to prepare suitable activities for the language enrichment programme for the gifted students. MOOC as a social learning platform for students at the lower secondary is a new approach for the gifted students as they could enrol and go through them at their own pace. This study discovers whether the gifted students could benefit from the language enrichment programme using this social learning platform. An online questionnaire was distributed to all Foundation 1, 2 and 3 students of Kolej GENIUS Insan who participated in the pilot programme developed by Open Learning Malaysia. The students also wrote their reflection on the use of MOOC in their journal. Their responses were analysed and reported using descriptive statistics and content analysis. Students acknowledged that the activities were interesting and engaging. They could understand the MOOC instructions easily and clearly. Majority enjoyed peer engagement features such as comments and likes. However, the user interface and navigation were considered tough because students were not used to the platform. They also thought the lessons and activities helped them learn English. The findings revealed the potential of social learning platform to offer flexible learning experience. It could also assist the preparation of suitable materials and activities in a language enrichment programme for gifted students. Teaching and learning process could happen anywhere and anytime providing that students are motivated to complete the activities in the courses. For gifted students, this platform offers independent learning and acceleration at their own pace.

Students for gifted program are usually selected using the traditional methods of identification (i.e., IQ and standardized achievement tests). Even for Malaysia gifted education program known as GENIUS program, the established methods such as intelligence tests are the yardstick for selecting students who are identified as gifted. GENIUS Insan, however, is a program that requires the gifted students to not only achieve high score in the standardized intelligence test, but also display the ability to memorize verses of Quran and recite them according to the correct tajweed (rules of Quran recitation). The students are also required to memorize the verses in a specific given amount of time. This study analyzed the identification process for gifted Muslim students for the 2021 cohort of KOLEJ GENIUS INSAN, USIM in using Quran memorization as a method in identifying the qualified students for the program. The process involved a group of 232 candidates who had managed to score 130 marks and above in the standardized intelligence tests known as UKM1 and UKM2. These students were later tested individually for their ability to memorize and recite the selected verses pre-arranged for them. Those who fulfilled the criteria set by the college were offered to join the program at Kolej GENIUS Insan. Analyzing and understanding the data of the selection process and the outcome of the organized memorization test would help address the need to improve the identification method and make this selection process an effective way in drafting gifted and talented Muslim students to Kolej GENIUS Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia.

This concept paper outlines the philosophical foundation of Integrated Naqli and Aqli Gifted and Talented Education (IGEd) curriculum that has been developed by Kolej PERMATA Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia. The IGEd curriculum model adopted core civilisational values from successful nations and past civilisations to groom the young, gifted Muslims with the Abqari personality. Using Falsafah Pendidikan Kebangsaan and Qalb-based education approach, the main characteristics identified in the model are Rabbaniyyah, Akhlaqiyyah, Alamiyyah, Insaniyyah and Siasiyyah (RAAIS). The RAAIS model has been developed through a series of workshops involving educational experts and each element is considered vital for nurturing future Muslim scholars. This paper derived its findings from past literature review and they helped establishing the core values and principles that will be implemented in the college’s education ecosystem. The framework will guide educators and students in every aspect of the teaching and learning process—an academic culture and benchmark for everyone to build and achieve in nurturing the mind, heart and soul of becoming a Muslim scholar with Abqari personality.

Buku Tib MSS2515 dianggap manuskrip lengkap yang membincangkan perubatan di alam Melayu. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai penggunaan ubat tradisional dan rawatan penyakit kulit [memberi tumpuan kepada kayap, kusta, dan abses] dalam manuskrip MSS2515. Kajian teks dan pengekstrakan data digunakan menggunakan kaedah filologi dalam mengenal pasti penyakit dan rawatan dan pengkategoriannya. Aspek farmakologi [materia medica] dianalisis dengan membandingkan laporan saintifik dalam Google Scholar dan PubMed dan memadankan bahan-bahan dengan tujuan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan terdapat 35 formulasi untuk tiga jenis penyakit kulit. Sebahagian daripada farmakologi dan penggunaannya dalam manuskrip disokong dengan bukti saintifik kontemporari. Kajian saintifik perlu dipergiatkan bagi mengesahkan keselamatan dan keberkesanan formulasi dalam manuskrip perubatan Melayu, kerana kandungannya berpotensi menghasilkan ubat baharu. Penyelidikan ini juga menyumbang kepada pemeliharaan budaya perubatan dan warisan Melayu

Manuskrip Kitab Tabaqat al-Umam menjadi rujukan kerana penulisan Sa‘id al-Andalusi berhubung dengan tasawwur sains dari aspek pensejarahan dan falsafah sains memberi makna sebenar terhadap istilah al-‘ulum. Malah dengan sains yang mereka bina telah memberi kesan kemajuan kepada tamadun manusia di India, Parsi, Chaldean, Yunani, Rom, Mesir, Arab, Andalusia dan Bani Israel pada abad pertengahan hingga abad ke-10. Kajian ini meneliti bagaimana perkemabangan sejarah awal bangsa yang disenaraikan dalam manuskrip kitab Tabaqat al-Umam. Kajian juga bertujuan mengenal pasti pembangunan ilmu sains terawal yang berkepentingan hasil fungsi yang pelbagai dalam masyarakat bangsa tersebut. Seterusnya kajian ini akan memberi cadangan penguasaan ilmu sains melalui analisis epistemologi sains secara terperinci menerusi kajian terhadap aspek kepentingan, fungsi serta sumbangan sains dalam tamadun bangsa. Kajian mendapati golongan intelektual dalam kebanyakan tamadun bangsa yang maju mempunyai pemahaman sains sebagai ilmu yang mampu membina negara dan bangsa. Kajian bersetuju dengan dapatan bahawa perkembangan sains yang pesat di Andalusia dikenali sebagai pusat ilmu sains selama hampir 800 tahun di rantau Eropah. Ia terbukti apabila hampir keseluruhan penduduknya mengenal huruf dan boleh membaca sedangkan dalam masa yang sama penduduk di sebahagian negara-negara Eropah masih mundur dan buta huruf.