Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law (MJSL)

Tanah adat merupakan salah satu ciri utama dalam pewarisan harta mengikut adat perpatih yang memberikan amanah kepada kaum perempuan untuk mewarisi tanah adat. Namun, sejauh manakah pengamalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan ini terhadap tanah adat? Apakah isu-isu yang timbul sepanjang perlaksanaan adat ini? Justeru, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti tahap amalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan dalam pewarisan tanah adat dan perlaksanaan undang-undang tanah adat serta isu-isu yang berkaitan dengannya. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan kaedah survei yang melibatkan 525 orang sampel berdasarkan teknik prosedur pensampelan rawak mudah. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap amalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan berkaitan pewarisan tanah adat masih lagi tinggi disamping perlaksanaan undang-undang tanah adat yang terus berjalan sehingga kini . Namun, terdapat beberapa isu yang timbul di sepanjang perlaksanaan undang-undang ini. Masalah yang timbul berpunca sama ada daripada pihak pejabat tanah mahupun pengamal tanah adat itu sendiri. Implikasi kajian ini dapat meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat terhadap tahap amalan serta isu-isu yang timbul berkaitan tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti kaedah yang terbaik untuk menangani masalah-masalah yang timbul agar amalan pewarisan tanah adat dan perlaksanaan undang-undang tanah adat boleh dijalankan dengan lebih berkesan.

Adat Perpatih yang menjuraikan keturunan nasab sebelah ibu merupakan pegangan utama dalam struktur pentadbiran tanah adat di Negeri Sembilan. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji sejarah perkembangan undang-undang tanah adat di Negeri Sembilan khasnya yang keseluruhannya diadaptasi daripada perbilangan adat. Tumpuan utama dalam perbincangan kertas kerja ini merangkumi undang-undang yang berkaitan dengan sistem tanah Adat Perpatih seperti perlembagaan, Kanun Tanah Negara, Enakmen Pemegangan Tanah Adat dan juga Akta Pengambilan Tanah. Kajian yang dibuat adalah berdasarkan penyelidikan kepustakaan dan juga hasil temubual dengan beberapa individu yang terlibat secara langsung dengan tanah adat. Konklusi kertas kerja ini menggariskan pemahaman berkenaan perkembangan dan isu perundangan berkaitan tanah adat di Negeri Sembilan sejak zaman penjajahan hingga ke hari ini. Adat perpatih which is based on matrilineal lineage forms the main structure of the administration of customary land in Negeri Sembilan. This paper aims to to study the development of customary land law in particular the state of Negeri Sembilan, which is generally derived from customary sayings/idioms (perbilangan adat). The main focus of discussion in this paper comprises of the laws relating to customary land law in Adat Perpatih such as the Federal Constitution, National Land Code, Customary Tenure Enactment and the Land Acquisition Act. This study applies library based research and interview of relevant key individuals who are directly involved in customary land law. It concludes with a developed understanding on the evolution and legal issues pertaining to customary land in Negeri Sembilan since the colonial era until the present day.

The right to self-determination is one of the jus cogenslaws under international law, which denotes the legal right of people to decide their political, economic, and social affairs within the borders of a territory. This right essentially grants the people, to some extent a legal right to use force in exercising their right to self-determination. The national liberation movements (NLMs) for example, whose rights and struggle for independence havelong been recognised by international law, in many instances have been conflated with the act of terrorism. One of the reasons is the absence of a universally accepted definition of terrorism. This paper aims to investigate how the conflation of NLMs as terrorists has affected the exercise of the right to self-determination. The study analyses relevant legal laws and juristic opinions on the issues at hand using a qualitative approach via library-based methodology. The result of this study reveals that, despite having provisions for countering international terrorism, due to the absence of a universally accepted definition of terrorism, the current international counterterrorism law is influenced by state municipal lawsas the crime of terrorism is outside the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court. Some states used their liberal power to define and designate NLMs as terrorist organisations which have allowed them to misuse municipal law against such movements. In short, whilst the use of force in exercising the right to self-determination is governed by international humanitarian law, the lack of a universally accepted definition of terrorism enables States to label NLMs as terrorists, criminalising the liberation movement as a whole.

Islam telah menetapkan kaedah tertentu dalam pembahagian harta warisan termasuklah tanah adat. Dalam pada itu, budaya setempat mempunyai kaedah tersendiri dalam isu pemberian tanah adat yang berbeza dengan kaedah faraid. Kajian ini akan mengkaji sejauh mana budaya setempat atau uruf ini boleh diterima pakai dalam isu pembahagian tanah adat khususnya di Negeri Sembilan. Dalam masa yang sama, kajian ini akan membincangkan syarat-syarat penerimaan uruf dalam pemberian harta pusaka berdasarkan nas al-Quran, Hadis dan pandangan ulama fikah serta dapatan temuramah. Kajian ini merupakan kajian kualitatif deskriptif yang menggunapakai kaedah analisa dokumen dan temubual berstruktur separa. Hasil kajian ini merumuskan bahawa perwarisan tanah adat adalah suatu praktis yang telah diamalkan sejak zaman berzaman di Negeri Sembilan mengikut adat Minangkabau tetapi perlu diselarikan dengan hukum syarak. Selain itu, pemberian tanah adat ini tidak bersifat mutlak, tetapi berdasarkan konsep pemegang amanah yang menyatakan bahawa wanita menjaga amanah tanah adat suku masing-masing. Kajian ini sangat signifikan dalam menyelesaikan isu pewarisan tanah adat untuk menentukan sama ada praktis pemberian tanah adat adalah bertepatan atau bersalahan dengan hukum syarak.

The issue of labour exploitation has been given media coverage at local and international level, particularly in the oil palm plantation sector. It is one form of human trafficking which has been condemned by the international community. As a member of the International Labor Organization (ILO), this issue needs to be taken seriously. This study aims to examine the international labour standard and the Malaysian law relating to forced labor and trafficking in person by analysing the related legal framework using a doctrinal methodology and library based research as well as analysis of selected decided cases. Although Malaysia has local laws such as the Anti-Trafficking in Persons and Anti-Smuggling of Migrants Act 2007 (ATIPSOM) [Act 670] which covers aspects of exploitation and coercion,as well as Employment Act 1955 [Act 265]and Workers' Minimum Standards of Housing and Amenities Act, 1990 [Act 446), however, there are allegations that there are lacuna in these laws which need to be improved in order to address the issue of labour exploitation or forced labor practices in Malaysia successfully. It may be concluded that since the terms of forced labor are not defined in any law in Malaysia it causes ambiguity and difficulties in the application and enforcement of law. Thus, it is very important to carefully understand the intended meaning of a term in the legislation to ensure the extent of labour exploitation or forced labor practice in the Malaysian context.

Home-based childcare (HBCC) services are among thechildcare services available in Malaysia, as ensconscedin the ChildCare Centre Act 1984. In Malaysia, HBCC providers are only allowed to care for a minimum of four and a maximum of 10children.However, this definition does not include small home-based childcare services or childminders who care for less than four children. Employingthe qualitative method of content analysis, this study discusses the laws and regulations governing HBCC in Malaysia, particularly the legal requirements that need to be fulfilled. Thisis further supported by interviews conducted with childcare providers who look after children at their home to examine their level of understanding of the legal requirements under Malaysian childcare laws and regulations. Findingsindicate, among others,that the HBCC operators are unaware of the need toregister with the Social Welfare Department. The adherence to the legal requirements for this HBCC should not be taken lightly, as it is crucial to ensure the safety and well-being of children.Consequently, greater efforts are required to ensure the children's health and safety because the current procedures rely solely on the experience and expertise of the childcare providers. This paper contributes to the extent of knowledge of HBCC in Malaysia especially towards policy makers, child care operators and parents by exploring the experiences of HBCC childcare providers. It is proposed that continuous improvements need to be made to the laws and regulations on HBCC in ensuring high quality services of HBCC.

The determination of the religion of the child has become an issue when one of the parents converts into Islam. This often results to disputes on the custody in court, which could give a grave impact on the welfare and the best interest of the child. In the Malaysian legal setting where both the civil and syariah courts co-exist in their respective spheres, there are nevertheless arguments on the overlapping jurisdictions or grey areas in respect to issues such as conversion and family law. This article analyses the decision of the Federal Court in the case of�Indira Ghandi A/P Mutho [2018], its background, issues of judicial review, the jurisdiction of the Syariah courts, registration of conversion, consent from parent(s) and decisions from other related cases. It also studies the development of Islamic law on the issue of conversion, which includes juristic views from the major school of thoughts (mazahib), contemporary Islamic rulings (fatwa) and the official rulings of the National and State Fatwa Committee. This article provides suggestions for the issue in question, from both legal and shariah perspectives.

Kerajaan Malaysia telah menggubal Dasar Wanita Negara (DWN) dan pelancaran pertamanya adalah pada tahun 1989 sehingga ke tahun 2020. Antara matlamat DWN, ialah perkongsian saksama antara wanita dan lelaki dalam memperoleh dan mengawal sumber dan peluang penyertaan serta menikmati manfaat pembangunan. Ini adalah peluang yang amat baik untuk menampilkan keupayaan wanita dalam semua sektor ekonomi negara. Kertas ini cuba menggariskan keserasian usaha ini dengan prinsip-prinsip al SiyÄsah al Syarciyyah.yang memartabatkan tadbir urus yang baik, penglibatan holistik, keperluan manusia dan kepentingan bersama. Kertas ini mengutarakan satu kajian kes yang meneliti lantikan wanita yang menganggotai lembaga pengarah bank dan badan penasihat Syariah bank di 16 buah institusi bank Islam di Malaysia dari tahun 2012 sehingga tahun 2018, suatu lantikan yang penting dan melibatkan pembuatan keputusan dalam sektor tersebut. Kajian mendapati bahawa sungguhpun tenaga kepakaran Malaysia di dalam sektor perbankan Islam telah diiktiraf di persada antarabangsa, penglibatan wanita sebagai penentu dasar dalam tempoh masih tidak mencapai sasaran minima 30%. Kertas ini mencadangkan peningkatan penglibatan wanita dalam sektor ini. Penglibatan wanita secara umum dalam penentuan dasar juga adalah selari dengan semangat al SiyÄsah al Syarciyyah untuk tadbir urus yang baik, penglibatan menyeluruh dan kelestarian pembangunan.

This dialogue highlights why knowledge on conflict and conflict resolution is an essential skill for anysociety, andprovidesa broad introduction to the nature, scope and practices of conflict resolution. Knowledge on conflict resolution allows society to understand the fundamental problems that give rise to conflicts, the power dynamics and recognition of interests of all parties. It emphasises the contextual nature of descriptions of peace and conflict and the importance of a thorough analysis in determining the most effective course of intervention. Here, the notion of wise and unwise approaches in conflict resolution is explained by referring to the actions taken by parties to curb escalations of disputes, including shifting the emotional positions to the achievement of interests of both parties. Another crucial observation is the relationship between law and solutions proposed in peace and conflict studies, with examples from both interpersonal and international conflicts. The elaboration is based on the C.R SIPPABIO framework as a comprehensive approach to study conflict resolution as introduced by Emeritus Professor Dr Amr Abdalla in his scholarly works. The Islamic viewpoint on conflict resolution are discussed in an interesting way, and this dialoguefurther highlightshow, in addition to focusing on legal interpretations, Quranic interpretations must also take into account ethical dimensions and accountability to God.

Communication refers to exchanging of information or news. In today’s high advanced technology of society, communication becomes one of the most challenging areas to the government and society. Any kind of information or news could be spread rapidly in a few second irrepressibly, which could – at some cases- threaten the security of a country as well as the peaceful life of a society. In view of this, it is vital to have an adequate education in communication laws especially for those who will be involved in that sector. Thus, this paper highlights the Malaysian Communication Laws course prepared for some programmes in Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia with special discussion on how its modules might shape the personality of the students by combining the civil and Syariah approaches. This article applies the library research method as well the instructors’ experiences as a basis of arguments and discussion. The findings show the significance of learning the course with such dual-approach in shaping the Muslim students’ or learners’ personalities with the hope they are equipped intellectually and spiritually in handling the current and upcoming confronts and challenges.

Tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat merupakan salah satu ciri utama dalam pewarisan harta mengikut adat perpatih yang memberikan amanah kepada kaum perempuan untuk mewarisi tanah adat. Namun, timbul persoalan tentang tahap pengamalan masyarakat terhadap undang-undang ini pada hari ini dan isu-isu yang timbul sepanjang perlaksanaan undang-undang tersebut. Justeru, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti tahap amalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan terhadap tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat serta isu-isu yang berkaitan dengannya. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan kaedah survei yang melibatkan 525 orang sampel berdasarkan teknik prosedur pensampelan rawak mudah. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap amalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan terhadap tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat masih lagi tinggi. Namun, terdapat beberapa isu yang timbul di sepanjang perlaksanaan undang-undang ini. Masalah yang timbul berpunca sama ada di pihak pejabat tanah mahupun pengamal tanah adat itu sendiri. Implikasi kajian ini ialah dapat meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat terhadap tahap amalan dan isu-isu yang timbul berkaitan tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti kaedah yang terbaik untuk menangani masalah-masalah yang timbul agar amalan tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat boleh dilaksanakan dalam suasana yang lebih harmoni.

Tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat merupakan salah satu ciri utama dalam pewarisan harta mengikut adat perpatih yang memberikan amanah kepada kaum perempuan untuk mewarisi tanah adat. Namun, timbul persoalan tentang tahap pengamalan masyarakat terhadap undang-undang ini pada hari ini dan isu-isu yang timbul sepanjang perlaksanaan undang-undang tersebut. Justeru, objektif kajian ini adalah untuk mengenal pasti tahap amalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan terhadap tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat serta isu-isu yang berkaitan dengannya. Kajian kuantitatif ini menggunakan kaedah survei yang melibatkan 525 orang sampel berdasarkan teknik prosedur pensampelan rawak mudah. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap amalan masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan terhadap tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat masih lagi tinggi. Namun, terdapat beberapa isu yang timbul di sepanjang perlaksanaan undang-undang ini. Masalah yang timbul berpunca sama ada di pihak pejabat tanah mahupun pengamal tanah adat itu sendiri. Implikasi kajian ini ialah dapat meningkatkan kesedaran masyarakat terhadap tahap amalan dan isu-isu yang timbul berkaitan tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti kaedah yang terbaik untuk menangani masalah-masalah yang timbul agar amalan tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat boleh dilaksanakan dalam suasana yang lebih harmoni.

Tanah adat merupakan salah satu ciri utama dalam sistem pewarisan harta mengikut Adat Perpatih yang diamalkan oleh masyarakat di Negeri Sembilan secara turun-temurun sehingga ke hari ini. Amalan undang-undang tanah adat yang sedia ada, hanya waris wanita sahaja yang dibenarkan untuk memiliki tanah adat. Hal ini adalah untuk memelihara kaum wanita daripada hidup berpelesiran sekali gus mengangkat martabat wanita sebagai penyambung keturunan. Namun timbul persoalan berkaitan tahap kefahaman masyarakat pada masa kini terhadap konsep tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat yang diamalkan. Justeru, objektif kajian adalah untuk mengetahui tahap kefahaman masyarakat di daerah Rembau, Kuala Pilah dan Tampin, Negeri Sembilan terhadap konsep tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat. Kajian ini menggabungkan kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif dan kuantitatif yang melibatkan dokumentasi, temubual dan kaji selidik. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa tahap kefahaman masyarakat tentang tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat semakin berkurang dikalangan generasi muda. Implikasi kajian ini ialah dapat meningkatkan lagi kesedaran dan kefahaman masyarakat tentang tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat menurut Syarak. Kajian lanjutan boleh dilakukan untuk mengenal pasti kaedah yang terbaik untuk meningkatkan kefahaman masyarakat terhadap tanah adat dan undang-undang tanah adat sama ada melalui Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Sembilan ataupun pihak-pihak tertentu.

The current global Muslim community is facing new challenges amidst the remnants of historical colonisation, sectarianism, and current geopolitical, economic and social realities. Despite these challenges, Muslim communities in general have been consistent in preserving the religious precepts derived from the primary sources of Al-Quran and Al-Sunnah, which form the foundation of the Islamic identity. Although widely underemphasised, futures thinking is deeply ingrained in the precepts of Islamic thought since the time of Prophet Muhammad (pbuh), which unbeknownst to many, has indubitably shaped the transformation not only in Muslim communities, but has also influenced global shifts in civilisation from multifarious aspects, for example, science and technology, arts, governance and social justice. This paper seeks to illustrate the significance of Islamic futures thinking as a foundation for progress in Muslim communities, by applying the qualitative methods of content analysis and engagements in focus group discussions. To this end, the study analyses data obtained from the exploration of Islamic texts, traditions and literatures on the Islamic perspectives of futures thinking. This paper advances the proposition that futures thinking has a profound basis in Islam due to the universal nature of the Islamic concepts of knowledge, the methods of addressing gradual and imminent change, its constant inspirations towards excellence and a justly balanced society, as well as Islamic ethics in foresight. Findings of this study highlight the importance of futures thinking as a capacity that must be developed in the Muslim world as part of the process towards long term social transformation.

Since time immemorial, piracy has become a major threat to the safety and security at sea. It has been conferred universal jurisdiction because it is considered as an enemy of humankind. Nevertheless, the punishment of this offence in international law varies from one county to another. For example in Malaysia the criminal would be punished under the Penal Code of Malaysia. On the other hand, in Islamic law the similar act of piracy or hirabah is punishable under the hadd punishment. This paper attempts to analyse the universality of the hadd punishment by making a comparison between the concept and punishments of piracy and hirabah. It is suggested that the hadd punishment for the offence of hirabah has universal character and is not changeable regardless of the place and time as compared to piracy in international law.

The manifestations of differences in Islamic jurisprudential branches have been evident since the early Islamic period, emerging in the ijtihād (independent reasoning) of the Companions after the Prophet's (PBUH) death and continuing in subsequent eras. Initially, ijtihād was not a cause of conflict and division, but a means to define concepts that lead to the truth. However, over time the differences devolved into sectarian fanaticism and blind adherence to opinions, leading to discord within the Muslim community. This study examines the efforts of Imam al-Shātibī in reconciling the viewpoints of jurists and legal theorists on issues amenable to convergence and unity, and his proposed approach to dealing with madhhab (school of thought) differences, through an analysis of his seminal work "al-Muwāfaqāt fī Uṣūl al-Sharīcah". This study employs an inductive-analytical approach, tracing and analyzing the relevant content in al-Shātibī's al-Muwāfaqāt, as well as a comparative method to contrast Imam al-Shatibi's views with those of others, in order to highlight his contributions and limitations, and validate the findings. The study concludes that Imam al-Shatibi's efforts in this regard were focused on affirming the principle of "consideration of disagreement" (murācāt al-khilāf). This work is found to be beneficial and deserving of further scholarly attention to address the reprehensible differences in the Muslim world. Finally, this research provides a valuable contribution to the international scholarship on Islamic jurisprudence and legal theory, by shedding light on a critical and timely issue of sectarian divisions, and highlighting the constructive approach proposed by a prominent Islamic scholar, Imam al-Shatibi, to address this challenge.   الملخص في الحقيقة أنَّ مظاهر الخلافات في الفروع الفقهيَّة قد ظهرت بوضوح منذ بداية العهد الأوَّل، وتبيّن ذلك في اجتهادات الصَّحابة بعد وفاة النبي -صلّى الله عليه وسلّم-، ثمّ ما تلاه من العصور. وفي بداية الأمر، لم يكن حدوث الاجتهاد سببًا في النِّزاع والفرقة، ولكن كان وسيلة إلى تحديد مفاهيم الأشياء، بل للوصول إلى الحقِّ. ولكن بمرور الزمن تحوّل الخلاف إلى التَّعصب المذهبي وقبول الرَّأي بلا حجة ممَّا أدَّى إلى النِّزاع بين الأمَّة. هذه الدِّراسة عن جهود الإمام الشَّاطبي – رحمة الله عليه - في تقريب وجهة نظر الفقهاء والأصوليين في المسائل التي تقبل التَّقارب والاتِّحاد، ومحاولة الإتيان بأسلوب التعامل مع الخلافات المذهبية، وذلك عبر قراءة كتابه النَّفيس "الموافقات في أصول الشَّريعة"، حيث تميَّزت طريقة الشَّاطبي الأصوليَّة في معالجة هذا الموضوع من خلال اقتراح قواعد مقاصدية في ذلك. واعتمدت الدِّراسة على المنهج الاستقرائي والتَّحليلي، وذلك بتتبُّع ما أورده الإمام الشاطبي في كتابه الموافقات وجمع المعلومات ذات العلاقة بالموضوع وتحليلها، كما استخدمت المنهج المقارن لمقارنة آراء الإمام بغيره، لإبراز ما للإمام وما عليه، وللتأكُّد من سلامة نتائج التَّنـزيل والتَّطبيق. وتوصّلت الدِّراسة إلى أنَّ جهود الإمام الشَّاطبي في هذا الصّدد منصبة على تأكيد الإمام قاعدة مراعاة الخلاف. وأخيرًا خلُصت الدِّراسة إلى أنَّ هذا العمل نافع وينبغي أن توجه تجاهه أقلام العلماء والباحثين للقضاء على الاختلاف المذموم في العالم الإسلامي.