This article discusses the argument of al-dharā’iʿ in the ijtihad by the usul fiqh scholar, its characteristics, and essential elements in ijtihad sourced by sadd aldharā’iʿ . The objective of this study is to explain the approach of ijtihad through sadd al-dharā’iʿ according to the views of al-Qarāfiy and al-Shāṭibiyy. This study is a library research in nature that is evaluating the critical characteristics of al-dhara’iʿ and its arguments in legal sources based on sadd al-dharā’iʿ . By analyzing the position of al-dharā’iʿ through the discussion of the mujtahids, this study found that aldharā’iʿ has certain characteristics and elements that are very specific and distinctive. A mujtahid or mufti needs to understand and be an expert in the process of ijtihad based on sadd al-dharā’iʿ . It strongly supports the texts of Shara’ whether general or specific in explaining the hukm of prohibiting something. It is also appropriate to be used as a basis and source in determining a hukm to prevent mafsadah from happening to the Muslim community

Fatwa on Clexane and Fraxiparine which are used for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy and puerperium, imposed by the Malaysian National Fatwa Council (MNFC) in 2009 stating that both types of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is prohibited except in darurah only due to its porcine preparation ground. Thus, this paper embarks to expound to which extent unlawful sources for medical prevention and treatment can be used for Muslim consumption. Is it only when a darurah condition is announced as an exemption situation that the intoxicating material is allowed in medicine? This research employs qualitative methodology using document review method to analyse the content of the document including medical journals and Shariah books. Observing the alarming maternal mortality due to VTE during pregnancy and puerperium in Malaysia nowadays, it is true that VTE is a fatal and life threatening illness. Due to that, LMWH is recommended by the Ministry Health of Malaysia (MOH). With LMWH features of accessibility, feasibility, effective and safety profile, it becomes the first line of option among O&G doctors in Malaysia albeit it is porcine based. Therefore, this paper found that the prevention of VTE using LMWH when diagnosed as a moderate risk during pregnancy and low risk during puerperium is allowed in the shariah perspective based on Islamic legal maxim namely Al-Hajah Tunazzal Manzilah Darurah.

Fatwa on Clexane and Fraxiparine which are used for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) during pregnancy and puerperium, imposed by the Malaysian National Fatwa Council (MNFC) in 2009 stating that both types of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is prohibited except in darurah only due to its porcine preparation ground. Thus, this paper embarks to expound to which extent unlawful sources for medical prevention and treatment can be used for Muslim consumption. Is it only when a darurah condition is announced as an exemption situation that the intoxicating material is allowed in medicine? This research employs qualitative methodology using document review method to analyse the content of the document including medical journals and Shariah books. Observing the alarming maternal mortality due to VTE during pregnancy and puerperium in Malaysia nowadays, it is true that VTE is a fatal and life threatening illness. Due to that, LMWH is recommended by the Ministry Health of Malaysia (MOH). With LMWH features of accessibility, feasibility, effective and safety profile, it becomes the first line of option among O&G doctors in Malaysia albeit it is porcine based. Therefore, this paper found that the prevention of VTE using LMWH when diagnosed as a moderate risk during pregnancy and low risk during puerperium is allowed in the shariah perspective based on Islamic legal maxim namely Al-Hajah Tunazzal Manzilah Darurah.

Kaedah-kaedah fiqh ialah prinsip fiqh umum yang menghimpunkan hukum-hukum permasalahan fiqh. Ia merupakan salah satu komponen penting dan asas sandaran ketika ijtihad dalam mengeluarkan fatwa. Mutakhir ini, pelbagai permasalahan baharu muncul ekoran daripada penularan pandemik COVID-19 yang melanda negara. Aplikasi kaedah fiqh pula dilihat antara instrumen yang terbaik dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut yang kebanyakannya kompleks dan keterbatasan nas syarak mengenainya. Terdapat beberapa pandangan hukum telah dikeluarkan oleh pihak berautoriti agama namun sebahagiannya telah dipertikai dari sudut keabsahan dan kerasionalannya. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis aplikasi kaedah-kaedah fiqh yang menjadi sandaran kepada pandangan hukum berkaitan pandemik COVID-19 dalam kertas kajian Jawatankuasa Muzakarah Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam (MKI). Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif menggunakan metodologi analisis dokumen yang merangkumi kitab-kitab klasik dan kontemporari kaedah fiqh, artikel penyelidikan dan kertas kajian yang dikeluarkan oleh jawatankuasa tersebut. Dapatan kajian mendapati beberapa kaedah-kaedah fiqh telah diaplikasikan dalam kertas kajian tersebut berkaitan isu pandemik COVID-19. Kajian ini juga diharapkan dapat memberikan nilai tambah kepada JAKIM dalam mengemaskini kaedah penyelidikan hukum di peringkat kebangsaan.

Relationship among Muslims since the time of Adam a.s., there is contained all the admirable values that can be applied today. Disclosure of such values includes properties helping to ease the burden of the Muslim’s region. Not only energy aid or grant of land, even from a financial point of also highly expected. Waqf is a way to break the impasse in the considerable challenge to the demands and needs of the various categories of property surplus sharing mechanism with the purpose of the public good. The distribution is given to strengthen the Muslim’s relationship and the smooth running of daily life. Therefore, this study will describe the practice of waqf in line with technology and the development of the country in nurturing tolerance community. The objective of this study dismantling the waqf practices based on transformation of Maslahah al-Mursalah. Next explained Maslahah al-Mursalah establishment and implementation of the subject matter. The methodology of study used qualitative methods to achieve the objectives of the study involving literature methods. The results showed clearly Maslahah al-Mursalah applied in practice transformation endowment contract as today.

Kaedah-kaedah fiqh ialah prinsip fiqh umum yang dipraktiskan dalam kebanyakan permasalahan untuk mengetahui hukum mengenainya. Ia merupakan salah satu komponen penting dan asas sandaran ketika ijtihād dalam mengeluarkan fatwā. Kaedah Lā Yunkar Taghayyur Al-Aḥkām Bi Taghayyur Al-Azmān pula salah satu daripada kaedah fiqh yang merupakan pendekatan yang mengambilkira perubahan masa bagi pembinaan sesuatu hukum. Ia merupakan kaedah yang berkait rapat dengan uruf dan adat yang menjadi salah daripada sumber hukum dalam Islam. Apabila sesuatu hukum dibina melaluinya maka ia akan berubah mengikut peredaran masa, tempat dan keadaan. Mutakhir ini, berlaku penurunan yang sangat ketara kes jangkitan virus COVID-19 dalam kalangan masyarakat sekaligus mencatatkan penurunan kes kematian di seluruh negara. Situasi ini turut memberi kesan kepada peraturan semasa yang diberi kelonggaran begitu juga dalam kaedah pengurusan jenazah yang dijangkiti COVID-19. Oleh itu, kajian ini dikemukakan bagi menganalisis elemen-elemen perubahan dalam Garis Panduan Tatacara Pengurusan Jenazah Orang Islam Yang Dijangkiti COVID-19 tahun 2020 dan 2022 ekoran perubahan keadaan penularan virus tersebut di negara ini. Kajian ini berbentuk kualitatif menggunakan metodologi analisis dokumen yang merangkumi kitab-kitab klasik dan kontemporari kaedah fiqh, artikel penyelidikan dan garis panduan tersebut. Temubual separa berstruktur dan penelitian komparatif terhadap garis panduan tersebut telah dilakukan bagi mengenalpasti prosedur yang dipinda. Hasil kajian mendapati beberapa prosedur dalam garis panduan pengurusan jenazah COVID-19 telah dipinda selaras dengan perubahan semasa. Perubahan kaedah pengurusan jenazah ini dilihat lebih hampir menyamai kaedah pengurusan jenazah biasa namun masih lagi terdapat beberapa prosedur lain yang perlu dipatuhi

The aim of dental treatment is to restore function and improve oral health condition. It is an advantage if the treatment conducted can also improve aesthetic. However, current trend of patient’s demand for aesthetic treatment is challenging. This alarming scenario sometimes does not comply with Shariah and Islamic jurisprudence. Crown lengthening is a procedure to facilitate restoration in certain clinical conditions simultaneously improves the aesthetic in anterior region. It involves manipulation of gingiva which requires removal of soft tissue and/or hard tissue. This paper was aimed to discuss the management of missing teeth with crown lengthening surgery from Islamic perspective. In the selected case, a lady requested to replace her denture with a fixed prosthesis that requires surgery. Initially, the surgical procedure was only planned on the right anterior region. However, during the preliminary stage of determining the treatment outcome; crown lengthening on both sides is advice to harmonize the gingival line. The final decision was to carry out surgical procedure on the site of complaint and crown lengthening surgery on both sides. As expected, the outcome of the treatment significantly improved the aesthetic of the patient. This study employs mainly the comparative case study approach where the detail description of the selected case is mapped to the Shariah principles and guidelines related to aesthetic treatment. The selected Shariah principles and guidelines are based on the commonly accepted school of law. In conclusion, this study found that the treatment proposed by the specialist that is based on function first, followed by correction of aesthetics is in line with the guidelines and principles of Shariah as well as legal maxim that falls under acts are judged by their goals and purpose (al-’Umur-bimaqasidiha). Therefore, basic knowledge on Islamic principle is favourable for dentist and patient in deciding the final treatment plan.

Had Kifayah refers to a minimum basic necessity rate set based on the current cost of living. The objective of this paper is to determine the current Had Kifayah for asnaf candidates focusing more on USIM Pre-Graduate students as the target group. The research method used are the qualitative and quantitative which apart from referring to existing writing and references, a survey was conducted to obtain the latest data from asnaf students through previous databases. The survey has been conducted via online instead one to one interview due to Covid-19 pandemic. Through a survey that covers aspects of student spending and income, the average of spending method has been used as per agreed with all team members to determine the Had Kifayah, in line with the method used by the state Islamic religious council as a reference. With the improvements made in the agreed calculation system, a more accurate calculation method has been developed and at the same time can help the process of proper distribution of zakat.

Had kifayah refers to a minimum basic necessity rate set based on the current cost of living. This limit is also used to determine the rate that needs to be assisted to meet the adequacy of basic expenses. The assessment made in determining the Had Kifayah covers six aspects of basic necessities of life, namely covering (shelter), food, clothing, medicine, education and transportation. A detailed study on Had Kifayah among USIM students has consistently been conducted and it is a requirement that needs to be met to set a reasonable rate in providing zakat assistance especially for asnaf students. The objective of this writing is to study student spending behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic and whether it is sufficient for students to survive on campus. The research method used are the qualitative and quantitative which apart from referring to existing writing and references, a survey was conducted to obtain the latest data from asnaf students through previous databases. The survey has been conducted via online instead o one to one interview due to COVID 19 pandemic. Through a survey that covers aspects of student spending and income, the average of spending method has been used as per agreed with all team members to determine the Had Kifayah, in line with the method used by the state Islamic religious council as a reference. With the improvements made in the agreed calculation system, a more accurate calculation method has been developed and at the same time can help the process of proper distribution of zakat.

Belia merupakan kumpulan pertengahan di antara kanak-kanak dan dewasa yang telah capai tahap pemikiran untuk mentadbir dan memajukan diri. Peranan belia Muslim dalam masyarakat dan negara telah dilihat sejak zaman para nabi lagi dengan mengemudi pelbagai aspek seperti pendidikan, pimpinan dan perniagaan. Ia bukan hanya menyambung tugas generasi sebelumnya, malah mereka dikatakan punca jatuh bangun sesebuah empayar. Belia Muslim hari ini perlu berani menyusun percaturan serta bijak bertindak agar tidak mandom dan kelihatan terkebelakang berbanding belia Muslim di negara-negara lain walau di mana sahaja mereka berada. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan menghuraikan peranan kawasan perumahan Taman Senai Utama dalam proses membangunkan belia Muslim berintegriti yang cemerlang. Objektif kajian ini meneliti usaha membangunkan belia Muslim yang berintegriti di Taman Senai Utama bersandarkan kepada konsep maslahah al-mursalah. Selain itu, membongkar syarat-syarat maslahah al-mursalah dan kepentingannya terhadap tajuk di atas. Metodologi kajian ini menggunakan kaedah kualitatif untuk menemui objektif kajian dengan pendekatan kaedah kepustakaan. Hasil penilaian ini mendapati maslahah al-mursalah mempunyai hubungan yang erat dalam membangunkan belia Muslim yang berintegriti di kawasan perumahan Taman Senai Utama dalam bidang pembangunan ilmu, keusahawanan dan interaksi sosial.

Social media plays an important role in the spread of Islam around the world today and has been recognized for its use in the Islamic world. However, the use of social media in disseminating fatwas is still not widespread. Thus, this study aims to highlight previous studies related to the use of social media in the dissemination of fatwas and its impact on the acceptance of fatwas among the community. The results show that the use of social media in disseminating fatwa information and explanation of fatwas can increase the acceptance of fatwas among the Malaysian Muslim community. At the end of the study, the researchers suggested that more empirical studies could be done to confirm the relationship between the use of social media and the acceptance of fatwas among the Malaysian Muslim community

Influence involves a state of two-way direction or relationship between what or who is influenced and the influencer. The influencer has the capacity to cause an effect on the character, behaviour or development of someone or something. The effect or influence in this research is not limited to only the political but extends to tarbiyah, social, economic, jihad, dakwah, knowledge and thought aspects. Abdul Hadi is a recognised figure of political movement and dakwah in Malaysia and internationally. His leadership and personality in dakwah and politics is believed to have been influenced by some factors, among them, his direct and indirect interaction with international leaders and scholars. This article discusses the network and implication of the influence of international Islamic movement leaders and scholars which positively impacted Abdul Hadi’s socio-politics. This research was qualitatively designed using document analysis approach. Under protocol, in-depth and structured interview method was used and data descriptively analysed. Research findings show a positive impact by scholars and leaders of international movements on Abdul Hadi’s thought in devising and drawing up dakwah and political strategies at national and international levels.

Tanah adat/ulayat dalam masyarakat Minangkabau di Indonesia dan Malaysia dikategorikan sebagai harta pusaka tinggi yang merupakan warisan turun-temurun dari leluhur dan dimiliki oleh suatu keluarga atau kaum. Dalam adat perpatih yang diamalkan sehingga ke hari ini, pusaka ini dianggap sebagai harta milik seluruh ahli keluarga yang diwariskan secara turun temurun melalui pihak perempuan (garis keturunan ibu). Berdasarkan kepada hukum warisan Islam (faraidh), amalan adat perpatih dalam pembahagian harta pusaka tinggi (tanah adat/ulayat) ini dilihat bercanggah dengan hukum yang telah ditetapkan dalam Islam. Walaubagaimanapun, terdapat perbezaan pandangan dalam menerima amalan ini di kalangan masyarakat. Ada yang menerimanya sebagai satu amalan yang berdasarkan kepada pendekatan hukum wakaf keluarga (waqaf dzurri) dan ada juga yang menentangnya serta menganggapnya sebagai satu amalan yang bercanggah dengan hukum Islam dalam pembahagian warisan (faraidh). Menerusi kajian literatur dengan menggunakan kaedah perbandingan di antara hukum adat dan hukum syariah, kertas kerja ini akan membentangkan isu-isu berkaitan tanah adat sebagai harta pusaka yang diamalkan dalam adat perpatih. Selanjutnya mencadangkan pendekatan syarak dan jalan keluar (solusi) bagi ketidakjelasan hukum dalam amalan warisan pusaka tinggi (tanah adat/ulayat) disebabkan perbezaan pandangan di antara golongan yang tidak bersepakat adakah ia dilarang ataupun dibenarkan dalam syarak. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa jalan tengah yang boleh diambil dalam menyelesaikan isu hukum amalan warisan tanah adat ini adalah menerusi pendekatan wakaf keluarga (dzurri) dengan cara menjadikan pihak perempuan yang mewarisi harta tersebut hanya sebagai pemegang amanah. Oleh itu, status tanah tersebut adalah harta wakaf yang boleh dimanfaatkan oleh semua pihak keluarga namun tidak boleh diperjualbelikan.

Upon attaining independence in 1957, most judges and lawyers in Malaysia received legal education and legal training in the United Kingdom. University of Malaya was the only premier law school in Malaysia during that time. Gradually, the number of law schools increased and now legal education is available in a number of both private and public universities in Malaysia. The landscape of legal education differ post 2008 when new law schools from public universities were made subject to a review conducted by the Legal Profession Qualifying Board (LPQB) – failure to obtain full recognition will result in students from the universities concerned, having to sit for Certificate in Legal Practice (CLP) examination. In the light of this development, legal education in Malaysia has become under strict scrutiny by the legal fraternity, and thus it is a question of what reasonable expectation should the country set on the legal education provided by universities. This article will address legal education from the point of view of universities, the relevance of the CLP examination and the level of skills and knowledge required to produce ‘practice-ready’ graduates. The discussion also considers the availability of the 9-months pupillage before admission to the Malaysian Bar and other criteria for education as provided for by the Malaysian Qualifications Agency (MQA). The whole paper will be based on the Legal Profession Act 1976, the MQA guidelines, the developments of legal education in Malaysia and the experience of laws schools under review by the LPQB and other stakeholders.

Faraid merupakan sebuah sistem pengurusan harta selepas kematian yang dianjurkan oleh Islam. Di Malaysia, bidang kuasa hal ehwal Islam termasuk pengurusan harta pusaka adalah terletak di bawah kuasa pentadbiran negeri. Walau bagaimanapun, sistem pengurusan harta pusaka pada masa kini dilihat masih memerlukan kepada penambahbaikan dan transformasi dari sudut pengurusan dan pentadbirannya. Anggaran sebanyak RM60 bilion harta masih belum dituntut disebabkan oleh kesedaran masyarakat tentang pengurusan harta pusaka masih lagi di tahap yang rendah di samping kekeliruan dengan wujudnya pelbagai agensi yang menguruskan harta pusaka. Justeru, pembangunan model pusat sehenti pengurusan harta pusaka atau FOSC (Faraid One-Stop Centre) ini merupakan sebuah inisiatif yang dibangunkan untuk memudahkan masyarakat menyelesaikan masalah berkaitan harta pusaka dengan lebih efisien. Model pusat sehenti pengurusan harta pusaka (FOSC) ini menyatukan semua agensi-agensi yang terlibat dengan pengurusan harta pusaka di bawah satu pusat bagi memudahkan pengurusan harta pusaka. Model FOSC terdiri daripada lima agensi iaitu Faraid USIM Consultant (FUSACA), Bahagian Harta Pusaka Kecil, Amanah Raya Berhad, Majlis Agama Islam Negeri dan Agensi Guaman & Perundingan. Faraid USIM Consultant (FUSACA) dijadikan agensi yang berperanan penting dalam membuat keputusan dan memberi khidmat nasihat kepada pelanggan. Manakala, Bahagian Harta Pusaka Kecil sebagai agensi yang merekod kes yang dipohon dan diselesaikan dan Amanah Raya Berhad merupakan agensi yang menguruskan hal yang melibatkan harta alih dan mengeluarkan Akuan atau Arahan bagi harta alih. Majlis Agama Islam Negeri menyediakan khidmat pengiraan jumlah nilaian dan bahagian harta pusaka dan Agensi Guaman & Perundingan sekiranya pelanggan memerlukan khidmat peguam atau nasihat. Model FOSC ini boleh menjadi rujukan dan panduan kepada agensi berwajib berkaitan harta pusaka dalam mewujudkan pusat sehenti di negeri masing-masing. Model FOSC ini juga amat diyakini dapat memperkasakan pengurusan harta pusaka di Malaysia dan secara langsung dapat memudahkan masyarakat menguruskan harta pusaka secara mudah dan sahih.

Fenomena peningkatan transgender di Malaysia atau dikenali dengan gelaran ‘mak nyah’ semakin membimbangkan. Terminologi ‘transgender’ mungkin tiada dalam Al-Quran dan masih belum wujud pada zaman Rasulullah, namun isu dan permasalahan tentang mukhannathtelah mula dibincangkan pada zaman tersebut. Mukhannathmerupakan perkataan Bahasa Arab yang berasal daripada kata akar ‘kha na tha’yang bermaksud lembut. Menurut istilah, mukhannathbermaksud lelaki yang berperwatakan wanita dan definisi ini mengandungi persoalan adakah ia mempunyai perkaitan dengan golongan transgender pada hari ini. Kertas kerja ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji definisi mukhannathdaripada perspektif Al-Quran dan Al-Sunnah serta menentukan sama ada transgender termasuk dalam pentakrifan mukhannath. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini menggunakan kaedah penelitian teks atau dokumen. Penyelidik melakukan penelitian terhadap ayat-ayat Al-Quran dan pentafsirannya serta hadis-hadis yang mengandungi perbincangan tentang mukhannath. Kajian mendapati perkataan mukhannathtidak disebut secara langsung dalam Al-Quran, namun ia disebut dengan jelas dalam beberapa hadis Nabi SAW. Kefahaman yang tuntas tentang mukhannathmelalui Al-Quran dan Al-Sunnah dapat menerangkan tentang status dan kedudukan golongan transgender menurut Islam serta pendekatan nabawi dalam berhadapan dengan golongan ini

Golongan mukhannath bukanlah sesuatu kelompok masyarakat yang baru wujud. Perbincangan dan perbahasan mengenainya telah pun disentuh oleh para ulama silam dan pengamal perubatan. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan pengertian mukhannath daripada perspektif fiqh dan perubatan berpandukan sorotan literatur atau kajian lepas. Kajian berbentuk kualitatif ini menggunakan metodologi analisis dokumen. Kitab fiqh terdahulu dan terkini menjadi sumber utama rujukan, disamping buku, jurnal dan kajian perubatan yang membincangkan isu mukhannath. Hasil kajian menunjukkan mukhannath telah disebut dalam Al-Quran dan Al-Sunnah. Mukhannath didefinisikan sebagai lelaki yang menyerupai wanita dan terbahagi kepada dua golongan iaitu mukhannath khalqiyy dan mukhannath ghayr khalqiyy. Pengertian mukhannath yang jelas dapat mengelakkan salah faham dan kekeliruan khususnya dengan golongan khunsa. Selain itu, kefahaman tentang istilah mukhannath dari kaca mata Islam dan perubatan dapat menjelaskan hukum-hakam serta menyelesaikan permasalahan yang berhubungkait dengan golongan ini.

Patient-centred care dentistry offers positive treatment outcome by unique combination of dental practitioners and their patients to improve quality of care and overall health outcomes. As Muslim dental practitioners, they must adhere with the Islamic principles and values in treating their patients with the Maqasid Shari’ah that blended in patient centred care approach. The concept of Maqasid Shari’ah is the purpose and objective of Shari’ah that formulated in the protection of religion, soul, mind, heredity and property. Apart from that, Qawaid Fiqhiyah is the methods that used in solving dental fiqh issues nowadays and that legal maxims is endorsed by the Muslim scholars or authorities. Finally, the dental treatment goal is to increase patients’ quality of life as a servant of Allah and khalifah in the Earth.

Francais merujuk kepada sistem pemasaran perniagaan melibatkan sebuah syarikat pemberi francais (francaisor) memberi hak kepada syarikat lain (francaisi) bagi mengendalikan perniagaan, mengikut sistem francais yang ditetapkan francaisor. Sistem ini berkembang pesat dengan menjadikan jualan barangan dan perkhidmatan sebagai agen penghubung di antara yang terlibat tanpa membataskan jenis pengguna. Setiap outlet yang ada ditunjangi oleh pelan pembangunan syarikat francais dan kawalan permintaan setempat. Pihak yang terbabit adalah pemberi francais, penerima francais dan pengeluar sumber beserta keperluan mematuhi peraturan syarikat. Setiap elemen yang diterapkan dikenalpasti dan disenangi oleh sebilangan besar masyarakat sebagai 'urf dalam jaminan untuk melaksanakannya. Al-'urf pula merupakan sumber hukum yang sering dijadikan pegangan dalam menghasilkan ijtihad sesuai dengan kehendak masyarakat secara berhikmah. Objektif kajian ini meninjau pendekatan al-'urf dalam perniagaan francais yang dibangunkan secara umum berpandukan penetapan sistem tersediri. Oleh itu, pengkaji meninjau pembangunan perniagaan francais dari pandangan al-'urf kepada sektor terpilih. Bagi mencapai objektif kajian, metadologi kualitatif dipilih dengan menggunakan kaedah perpustakaan menerusi pembacaan bahan bacaan dan penulisan yang telah diterbitkan serta pemerhatian pengkaji di outlet yang bersesuaian dengan tajuk kajian. Hasil kajian mendapati wujud kepentingan al-'urf yang diterapkan dalam perniagaan francais terutama kepada penjualan produk francais, lokasi outlet dan pengurusan perniagaan. Kajian ini mencadangkan pemerhatian 'urf secara telus sebelum memulakan perniagaan francais dan menyedari dengan luas keperluan masyarakat sekeliling.

Peranan fatwa dalam masyarakat Malaysia tidak tersangkal pentingnya sehingga institusi fatwa bukan sehaja diwujudkan bagi setiap negeri malah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan juga ditubuhkan bagi peringkat persekutuan. Sehingga hari ini sudah banyak fatwa yang telah diputuskan di peringkat negeri mahupun kebangsaan namun sejauh manakah tahap penerimaan masyarakat terhadap fatwa tersebut. Justeru, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menyoroti kajian lepas berkaitan penerimaan fatwa dalam kalangan masyarakat Islam di Malaysia. Kaedah penyelidikan kualitatif melalui reka bentuk kajian analisis kandungan digunakan. Data yang dikumpul daripada bahan seperti buku, artikel dalam jurnal, prosiding, tesis dan disertasi dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan tahap penerimaan fatwa dalam kalangan masyarkat Muslim di Malaysia masih rendah dengan tiga sebab utama iaitu ketidaksampaian fatwa ke pengetahuan masyarakat, kekeliruan terhadap fatwa dan perbincangan serta rujukan fatwa tidak terperinci. Di akhir kajian, penyelidik mengemukakan beberapa cadangan untuk memperbaiki tahap penerimaan fatwa dalam kalangan masyarakat Malaysia