E-Proceedings International Convention on the Basic Structure of Constitution 2021 (ICOBAC 2021)

Prior to the Federal Court’s decision, the Court of Appeal’s judgment in the case of A Child & Ors v Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara & Ors [2017] 4 MLJ 440 that reversed the High Court’s decision in A Child & Ors v Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara & Ors [2016] MLJU 1579 in unanimously allowing the illegitimate child to bear the name of his or her biological father and for the biological father’s name to be registered in the birth certificate of the illegitimate child had witnessed nationwide controversies, debates and polemics in all stratum of society ranging from the local Islamic scholars and the Muslims in Malaysia in general. This controversial and endless critics against the Court of Appeal’s decision was put to an end by the Federal Court in Jabatan Pendaftaran Negara & Ors v A Child & Ors (Majlis Agama Islam Negeri Johor, intervener) [2020] 2 MLJ 277, that reversed the said Court of Appeal’s decision in the sense that it held that an illegitimate child could not bear the biological father’s name. However, looking in an in-depth manner to the judgement, whether such judgment really put to an end of the issue of paternity and registration of an illegitimate child is a question that consequently triggers the writing of this paper. In pursuant thereof, this paper would dissect, analyse and comment the Federal Court’s judgement comprehensively while drawing due reference to the principles and legal rulings in the Shari’ah. Having so doing, this paper would attempt to suggest and devise a harmonious legal landscape in the issue of ascription and registration of illegitimate child’s paternity that would satisfy both civil and Shari’ah legal regime as applicable in Malaysia

Ilmu al-Qawaid al-Fiqhiyyah adalah antara ilmu terpenting dalam bidang syariah. Ia amat membantu para mujtahid dalam mengeluarkan hukum bagi permasalahan kontemporeri yang tidak memiliki nas yang khusus. Penularan virus Covid-19 telah mencipta norma kehidupan baru, yang mana sebahagian daripadanya memerlukan penjelasan dari sudut hukum syarak. Antara norma baru tersebut adalah kemestian menempah tempat untuk melaksanakan sembahyang Jumaat. Sebahagian masyarakat Islam enggan melakukan tempahan ini, dengan alasan mereka hendak mendahulukan saudara Muslim lain. Justeru kertas kerja ini bertujuan melihat sejauh mana keabsahan alasan tersebut di sisi syarak. Kajian kuantatif ini menggunakan metodologi analisis bagi menganalisa kaedah-kaedah fiqh yang bersangkutan dengan permasalahan kajian dan juga pendapat para ulama terhadap kaedah-kaedah tersebut. Metode perbandingan juga diguna pakai dalam menilai pendapat-pendapat ulama bagi memilih pendapat yang paling sesuai untuk diaplikasikan sebagai hukum terhadap tempahan tempat bagi sembahyang Jumaat. Hasil kajian menunjukkan kaedah yang melarang mendahulukan saudara muslim lain dalam hal ibadah adalah lebih tepat berbanding sebaliknya.

The spread of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia has a tremendous impact on all aspects of Indonesian people's lives. The basic rights of citizens as creatures created by God Almighty to maintain life and livelihood are also affected, including in the case of the formation of legal institutions carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic which was made to regulate and limit the movement of people. Public. The state in making a legal system needs to reflect the values of humanity and justice as a form of implementing a state of law based on Pancasila, building a legal system that is just and based on human rights is absolutely necessary, this is done in order to safeguard the basic rights of the community. Every community has the right to live and defend their lives, the policies issued must be balanced with a targeted implementation pattern so that potential human rights violations can be avoided. In reality, the implementation of the legal institutions that have been created still causes various frictions, and there is even a tendency for conflicts to occur in the field between the community, the apparatus and the Covid-19 Task Force, both of which result in administrative law and reporting to the police. Therefore, the government and the community needs to have a shared spirit to build a legal system that reflects human rights and fair during the handling of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Part II of the Federal Constitution represents Malaysia's political and civil rights constitutional safeguards. These safeguards, however, has been amended through time since its inception in 1957. The amendments that have been done to Article 5 to13 and other related provisions such as Article 149, 150 and 159 have brought a mixture of reactions among the masses, where some viewed that such amendments have to be done as the country is growing. In contrast, others regarded it as a threat against preserving the national and constitutional identity. In addition to that, these constitutional amendments often resulted in these safeguards to their detriment. Concerning this, preservation of security, public order, and national identity has frequently been used to justify its alteration. Hence, the doctrine of basic structure has been raised to protect constitutional integrity; even its reception is generally divided and equally contested. The main objective of this paper is to examine the concept of basic structure and its relationship to the protection of fundamental liberties in Malaysia. Furthermore, this paper also explores the dilemma surrounding the country in finding its constitutional identity, which often centres on the conflict between Islam, local demographics, common law heritage, and cultural values. This paper adopts qualitative methodology, where a doctrinal approach is adopted.

The existence of the Supreme Court (MA) in the history of the state administration of the Republic of Indonesia (RI) is one of the state institutions that has always existed and is regulated in the constitution that has ever existed in Indonesia. This can be seen from the development of the constitution that has ever been in effect, starting with the 1945 Constitution which was ratified on 18 August 1945 (including the 1945 Constitution after the 5 July 1959 Decree), The 1949 Constitution of the United States Republic of Indonesia (KRIS), the 1950 Provisional Basis (UUDS), and the 1945 Amendment Result. The judicial power prior to the amendment of the 1945 Constitution was regulated very simply. This is contained in Article 24 stating that: (1) Judicial power is exercised by a Supreme Court and other judicial bodies according to law; paragraph (2) The composition and powers of the judicial bodies are regulated by law. Meanwhile, Article 25 states that: The requirements to become and to be dismissed as judges are stipulated by law. The regulation of judicial power through a statutory mechanism has resulted in the guarantee of the independence of the Supreme Court as the executor of judicial power experiencing a setback. This is because many laws are a reflection of the political will of power. The guarantee of the independence of the Supreme Court in exercising its judicial power has become the content of the constitution. One of them is regulated in Article 24 paragraph (1) stipulating that: Judicial power is an independent power to administer justice to uphold law and justice. Then Article 24A paragraph (4) stipulates that: The chairman and deputy chairman of the Supreme Court are elected from and by the supreme judge. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the independence of the Supreme Court in implementing the independence of judicial power is influenced by several factors, namely internal and external factors.

Di Malaysia, usaha untuk memartabatkan perundangan jenayah Islam secara total telah dirintis seawal tahun 1993 oleh Kerajaan Negeri Kelantan melalui pembentangan Enakmen Kanun Jenayah Syariah (II) 1993. Usaha yang sama diteruskan pada tahun 2015 dengan melakukan beberapa pindaan pada enakmen tersebut. Walaupun terdapat banyak penulisan dan ulasan berkaitan usaha-usaha ini, hanya sedikit kajian yang memuatkan perspektif secara terus daripada individu yang terlibat secara langsung dengan usaha ini. Justeru, objektif kertas kerja ini adalah bertujuan untuk mendapatkan perspektif individu-individu yang terlibat secara langsung dengan usaha ini. Seterusnya, analisis dan cadangan penambahbaikan bagi usaha ini akan dilakukan. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kaedah kualitatif. Data dikumpul menggunakan temubual separa berstruktur melibatkan beberapa individu yang merupakan ahli Jawatankuasa Teknikal Hudud peringat Nasional dan Negeri Kelantan. Data kemudiannya dianalisis secara tematik. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahawa kekangan utama kepada pelaksanaan kedua-dua enakmen ini adalah disebabkan kekangan perundangan. Justeru, seharusnya kekangan perundangan ini di atasi sebelum enakmen ini diluluskan di Sidang DUN Kelantan. Kajian ini juga berpandangan bahawa Enakmen Kanun Jenayah Syariah (I) 2019 yang diwartakan pada 30 Disember 2020 lebih menepati realiti perundangan Malaysia dan menepati konsep tadarruj dalam memperkenalkan undang-undang jenayah Islam di Malaysia.

Land acquisition for development for public interest ex officio requires land or land as a location for physical realization for the construction of public interest facilities and infrastructure. However, in reality land acquisition for the public interest often causes disputes which are indicated to be detrimental to the people. Empirically, here are implications related to human rights, especially in land acquisition. This study examines human rights guarantees after the issuance of Law Number 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation by linking Article 3 of Law Number 39 of 1999 concerning Human Rights which states that everyone is born free with the same and equal human dignity and worth, has the right to protection and legal treatment that is fair and without discrimination against land acquisition for development in the public interest which is vulnerable to being violated and distorted by the government or parties who need land during the land acquisition process. The results of this normative research offer indicators of appropriate and fair compensation taking into account the perspective of human rights.

The discourse on the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence is a never-ending topic. Currently, there are several ethical guidelines and recommendations for Artificial Intelligence but these guidelines are non-binding and yet to reach significant effect. Artificial Intelligence systems are growing massively in almost all areas of human life, such as in the fields of medicine, business, finance, education, law, and manufacturing. Although Artificial Intelligence is quite developed and has a broad legal impact on society, in Indonesia regulations regarding Artificial Intelligence has not been specifically regulated. So, there is no legal certainty that overshadows the use of Artificial Intelligence. This paper will address how the legal subject of Artificial Intelligence is seen from the ethical aspect and how is the legal responsibility of Artificial Intelligence. The urgency to progressively initiate regulation on Artificial Intelligence globally and incorporate human rights and ethical standards in Artificial Intelligence creation is massive. The need for the government to intervene, and discriminated groups should have a significant role to shape artificial intelligence regulation to create justice is needed and positively supported.

Governance is crucial in both the private and public sectors, and the public sector is extremely important in society. The public sector, typically through a political process, determines the outcomes it seeks and the various types of intervention. These include enacting legislation or regulations, as well as delivering goods and services. Governments must also play a major role in promoting justice, peace, and order, as well as good international relations. Better decision-making is promoted by good governance in the public sector. Effective governance is characterised by rigorous scrutiny, which provides significant pressures for improving public sector performance and fighting corruption. Good governance could indeed enhance the effectiveness, leading to more effective intervention implementation, improved service delivery, and, ultimately, improve results. As a result, people's lives are being improved. It is argued that one way to maintain good governance is to uphold and respect the constitution as the supreme law of the land. As law can be defined as a legal means of regulating society, it can exist in a variety of forms, beginning with the constitution, which can be written or unwritten and is backed by laws and regulations. A good and effective constitution symbolises and provides effective legal protection for local and indigenous people, as well as protection for fundamental human rights and liberties within the context or legal meaning or definition of that country's constitution. The entire concept of a constitution should reflect the backbone of that government's and people's governance. Therefore, this paper attempts to examine the current role of the Malaysian civil court and the constitution in achieving good governance. In analysing the same, this paper employs the common doctrinal legal method. The paper then offers suggestions and recommendations for improving Malaysia's current issues of good governance, intending to uphold the rule of law and preserve the basic structure of the constitution.

Remaja merupakan aset yang amat penting bagi menjamin kemajuan dan kekuatan sesebuah masyarakat dan negara. Justeru itu, golongan remaja ini perlulah digilap dan dibentuk dengan acuan yang terbaik untuk melahirkan satu model yang ideal dan berkualiti pada masa akan datang. Sungguhpun begitu, keterlibatan remaja-remaja Islam di Malaysia dalam perkara-perkara yang meruntuhkan sahsiah seperti seks bebas merupakan suatu perkara yang amat membimbangkan dan perlu dipandang serius oleh semua pihak. Kenyataan ini bukanlah satu lontaran kosong untuk menakutkan mana-mana pihak semata-mata, bahkan ia disokong oleh bukti-bukti penyelidikan yang telah dibuat oleh pelbagai pihak. Persoalannya, apakah faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada keruntuhan sahsiah remaja Islam di Malaysia? Oleh itu, kertas kerja ini akan membincangkan faktor-faktor yang telah menyumbang kepada remaja Islam terjebak dengan perkara-perkara yang meruntuhkan sahsiah. Selain itu, penyelidik juga turut mencadangkan beberapa cadangan yang boleh dibuat bagi mengurangkan kes-kes sebegini. Kertas kerja ini akan menggunakan kaedah kualitatif iaitu melalui kaedah analisis dokumen dan kaedah temu bual dengan beberapa pusat perlindungan dan responden-responden yang terpilih di Malaysia. Hasil kajian mendapati terdapat beberapa faktor yang telah menyebabkan remaja Islam terjebak dengan perkara-perkara yang meruntuhkan sahsiah. Faktor-faktor yang dimaksudkan ialah kurang didikan agama, kegagalan institusi rumah tangga, tahap pendidikan yang rendah, dorongan rakan sebaya, teknologi yang berleluasa dan pergaulan bebas. Diharapkan dengan pendedahan awal mengenai faktor-faktor yang menyumbang kepada keruntuhan sahsiah remaja Islam di Malaysia, kes-kes sebegini akan dapat dikesan dan dibasmi lebih awal oleh semua lapisan masyarakat di Malaysia.

Debates over halal and haram regarding foods and non-foods have heatedly discussed amongst shariah scholar most of the times especially in Muslim country such as Malaysia. Through our naked eye, impure elements can be cleansed and purified by washing away the stain. By transforming from an impure form to pure form by mixing the thing with other substance in order to change it into a total content and form could be defined as istihalah. Its validity as a measurement tool in determining the status of halal and haram over food and non-food issues is a legal method in Islam. However, there is school of thought in Islamic fiqh observed as more stringent and stricter in verifying istihalah as legal indicator in imposing fatwa with regard halal and haram status as implemented by Malaysian National Fatwa Council (MNFC) towards porcine based medicine namely Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH). Even though the present era shows its cruciality towards a need of accepting a contemporary way of fiqh approach, not to mention the efficacy, accessibility, and feasibility of LMWH, but MNFC remained observed has less enthusiasm upon istihalah method because that Islamic fatwa organization in Malaysia is more prone to Shafi’iyyah school of thought which accepting istihalah with exceptions only. This notion creates a query reason over the fatwa upon pharmaceutical issues nowadays which able to lead to misconception to the patients who might necessarily need LMWH. This qualitatively study attempts to propose a rational and harmoniously conforming to science and technology development in manufacturing the medicine which able to remove the Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of the porcine. This study may contribute to solve the issue of pharmaceutical products which manufactured from impure basis by adapting a shariah compliance guideline provided at the end of study.

The preparation of laws and regulations in Indonesia is regulated in Law No. 12 of 2011 concerning the Establishment of Legislations which explains the steps taken in forming rules and regulations invitation. The regions issued by the regions, often called regional regulations are still legal drafting, emphasizing conformity and compliance with higher laws. In this case, it can be seen that the role of aspirations and participation in policy formation has not yet involved the public, so in other words, it has not been seen as necessary. Regulatory Impact Assessment (RIA) is a method of formulating policies with an approach expected to accommodate all requirements in the preparation of legislation and can be used as a systematic evaluation system of regional regulations to become more qualified, effective, and efficient.

The unprecedented pandemic of Covid-19 not only effect the economic and administrative of the country, but it also has pushed to the closure of schools and universities. As a result, the emergence of e-learning or conducting classes via the teaching tools available online such as Microsoft team, google classroom, Zoom and Webex become so imminent to teachers and students. With pandemic of COVID-19, it seems global partnership is urgently needed with teaching and learning are done in a flexible manner by mean of distance learning using the teaching tools provided via the Internet. This article addresses the challenges faced by the university, particularly, in teaching and learning subjects of Syariah and law which need hand-on training and face-to-face lecturers and tutorials. This paper will examine the debates of protecting the public health in cases of COVID-19 as the world is still facing with the uncertainties brought by this dangerous virus. The new norms due to this pandemic introduced new practices such as no mass gathering which include no mass lecture or tutorials, social distancing and regular cleaning regime that are being addressed by the Ministry of Health to public. Hence, it begs to think how teaching and learning Syariah and Law can be materialized in this new norm? As a university which promotes integration of the concept of Naqli and Aqli Knowledge (iNAQ), a revisit to the current situation in facing COVID-19 is essential for the long-term planning of the higher education as well as short term approaches in dealing with its impact. The quality of the assessment made to the students by the lecturers are also crucial in addressing arising issues in teaching and learning during this pandemic. This paper ends with some possible suggestions in maintaining the qualities of teaching and learning of Syariah and Law in this trial time.

This study aims to determine how the implementation of patient safety programs according to Law No. 44 of 2009 concerning Hospitals in health services at the Emergency Installation of Margono Soekarjo Regional Hospital, Purwokerto. This study uses a normative juridical approach, research specifications are qualitative. The data presentation method is presented in the form of “narrative text” and “data matrix”. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the Patient Safety Program in the emergency department of the Margono Soekarjo Regional Hospital, Purwokerto has not been implemented optimally. This can be proven by almost all Hospital Patient Safety Standards cannot be implemented effectively and the factors which affect this, namely the attitude, motivation and communication of health workers are low.

The challenges for handling covid‐19 need a comprehensive approach both nationally and internationally in terms of state‐centered or international governance. Regarding the condition, the challenges to handling these conditions will vary from each other, but conceptually the approach is categorized into two, namely horizontal and vertical health challenges. Horizontal challenges are public health problems that arise and are cross‐border in nature. The pandemic cannot be carried out alone. International law as a legal instrument that binds and regulates relations between countries also regulates non‐state actors play a key role in vertical and horizontal contexts. Global regulation is needed because covid‐infections disease knows no boundaries. Mechanisms to facilitate international cooperation such as international law are very crucial for health, especially for prevention, treatment, and control functions. The role of the World Health Organization WHO as an international organization in the health sector is a central actor in the implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR). The IHR regulation aims to create global health governance and create better coordination in handling global disease outbreaks. Moving on from the complexity of the problems caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic in this era of globalization, an effective and holistic handling strategy is needed, one of which is through a multi‐track policy.

Hak privasi individu seperti data peribadi dilindungi oleh undang-undang dalam perundangan negara seluruh dunia. Kecanggihan teknologi maklumat membolehkan data peribadi seseorang itu disimpan di dalam cakera keras dalaman di dalam komputer agar dapat diakses oleh mana-mana pihak yang berkepentingan bagi tujuan mengekstrak data tersebut apabila diperlukan. Apabila kecanggihan teknologi maklumat bekerjasama dengan rangkaian internet yang pantas data peribadi seseorang terdedah kepada aktiviti pencerobohan siber yang terlarang dari segi undang-undang. Oleh itu terdapat keperluan untuk menutup kelopongan terhadap undang-undang bagi melindungi data peribadi seseorang serta kerahsiaannya daripada dicuri oleh pihak yang tidak bertanggungjawab. Kerajaan Negara Brunei Darussalam telah menggubal Akta Rahsia Rasmi (Penggal 153) 2010 yang sedikit sebanyak membantu dalam menyelesaikan jenayah curi identiti secara elektronik ini. Kajian ini mengupas hubungkait peruntukan undang-undang di bawah Akta Rahsia Rasmi (Penggal 153) 2010 dengan undang-undang jenayah Islam boleh diguna pakai dalam menerbitkan hukum kepada permasalahan jenayah berbentuk maya ini. Metologi kajian adalah secara kualitatif deskriptif mengguna pakai teknik analisa dokumen. Analisis dilakukan dengan meneliti maklumat data primer iaitu buku-buku berkaitan dengan jenayah siber ini begitu juga data sekunder terutama penulisan dan artikel. Kajian ini juga turut mengguna pakai reka bentuk analisis kandungan dengan merujuk Akta Kesalahan Jenayah Negara Brunei Darussalam yang berkaitan. Dalam menghadapi realiti kecanggihan teknologi ini undang-undang jenayah Syariah yang cukup berkesan amat diperlukan sebagai jalan penyelesaian permasalahan jenayah curi identiti berbentuk maya ini.

In Malaysia, children in conflict with the law may be punished under Syariah or civil legal framework as to conform with the social norms. The Syariah and Civil courts in Malaysia practiced in the different structures, procedures, and jurisdictions as Malaysia practiced a dual system of law. Therefore, this article aims to identify the justification of punishment practiced by both courts in sentencing the child offenders in Malaysia. There are nine sources have been used as a database in screening the past research articles starting from years of 2010 until 2021. The systematic literature review consists of search strategies, study collection, data collection, and analysis for the articles obtained. A sum of 18 articles was assessed for eligibility through criteria such as year of publication, languages, and has met the required elements. This article indicates that both courts tend to impose a punishment consisting of rehabilitative methods to protect the best interest of the children. Thus, further research is needed to analyze the differences between Syariah and the Civil Court regarding implementing of rehabilitation theory as a justification of punishment for the child offenders in Malaysia

Perkhidmatan penjagaan kanak-kanak yang berkualiti adalah penting dalam memastikan kanak-kanak itu dijaga dengan baik bukan sahaja dari segi kesihatan dan keselamatan mereka, malah dalam perkembangan pertumbuhan mereka. Jadi, perkhidmatan penjagaan kanak-kanak tidak seharusnya dianggap sebagai jagaan semata-mata sebaliknya ia merupakan peringkat awal untuk pendidikan kanak-kanak. Isu taman asuhan kanak-kanak berasaskan rumah yang tidak dikawal oleh undang-undang yang khusus adalah penting untuk diketengahkan dalam usaha untuk meningkatkan kualiti perkhidmatan penjagaan kanak-kanak di Malaysia melalui usaha perundangan. Tujuan penyelidikan ini adalah untuk mengkaji keperluan membangun rangka kerja undang-undang dalam mengawal selia pusat jagaan kanak-kanak di rumah. Mengikut undang-undang dan peraturan Malaysia, pusat asuhan kanak-kanak di rumah yang mengasuh kanak-kanak kurang daripada empat orang tidak perlu mendaftar dengan pihak berkuasa dan tidak dipantau oleh mana-mana undang-undang atau peraturan. Kejadian tidak diingini yang melibatkan pusat asuhan kanak-kanak di rumah yang tidak dikawal undang-undang boleh menjadi faktor pendorong untuk Malaysia membangun rangka kerja undang-undang dalam meningkatkan kualiti pusat tersebut. Penyelidikan ini dijalankan dengan menggunakan kaedah kajian doktrin dalam bentuk pengumpulan data berasaskan dokumen analisis dan ulasan kes.

This study examines the legal basis and implementation of the use of debt collector services by Islamic banking or Islamic financing institutions. This billing is done to take the collateral if the fiduciary giver defaults. The type of research used is normative juridical research. Legal materials were collected by means of literature study and document study. The results of the research show that it is permissible to use debt collection services by Islamic Banking and Sharia Financing Institutions as long as they comply with the regulations regulated by Indonesia Bank, the Financial Services Authority, and the Constitutional Court Decision regarding fiduciary guarantees.

The results of the research obtained that the legal protection of labour in the Articles of Law number year states that if the female workers/laborers referred to in the paragraph are employed between the hours of s.d. then the entrepreneur is the one who is responsible. Seeing from these provisions, it is clear that every female worker/labour is entitled to legal protection. One aspect of legal protection for workers is in the form of: Economic protection, namely the protection of workers in the form of sufficient income, Social protection, namely: protection of workers in the form of occupational health insurance and freedom of association and protection of the right to organize. Technical protection is the protection of workers in the form of work security and safety. in the view of Islamic law, the protection of female workers can be seen from two aspects. First, in terms of Islamic law (Allah and His Messenger), it aims to fulfil primary, secondary, and tertiary human needs which accumulatively provide protection against five aspects, namely; safeguarding religion, guaranteeing the protection of the right to life, guaranteeing the right to the development of reason and thought, guaranteeing the protection of the right to ownership of property, and finally guaranteeing the right to the development of species and offspring.