Master's Theses

Additive manufacturing, widely known as three-dimensional (3D) printing is a substantial part of in Forth Industrial Revolution (IR 4.0) for the manufacturing ecosystem across a plethora of industrial sectors including electronics, automotive and medical. Within the medical industry, stereolithography (SLA) technique emerges as one of the predominant techniques due to the high-resolution capabilities which is better compared to other additive manufacturing technique. This research aims to utilize blended materials technique in the SLA process with using polyhydroxybutyrate/urethane dimethacrylate (PHB/UDMA) combination to fabricate a new 3D printed materials for medical application in particular arm cast. Viscosity plays a crucial role in the printability of the 3D printed resins. For this research, the maximum viscosity was achieved at approximately 2188 centipoise (cP) with the concentration of PHB at 11% weight ratio. Based on this composition, the tensile and impact strength were able to maintain with a minimal degradation of only 3% relative to the pure UDMA resin which is at 16% in a one month period. The inclusion of PHB is attributed to the structural integrity and stability of the 3D printed materials. Based on the clinical application standards, only 3% by weight composition of PHB failed to meet the requirements for the degree of double bond conversion (DC). These are good indications as most of the composition shows a more complete polymerization process which leads to better performance. For the crystallinity index, the inclusion of PHB contributed towards crystalline structures within UDMA based resin and make the 3D printed PHB/UDMA more prone to fracture, thus in line with the reduction of mechanical performance. Meanwhile, FESEM pictures portrayed two distinct phases region between PHB and UDMA proved the poor interfacial adhesion between the polymer blend. Based on the overall results, 7 wt. % of PHB content was selected as an optimal blending mixture composition for 3D printed arm cast due to better mechanical performance and passed the minimum standard level of DC. This research shows significant contributions in understanding the relationship between printability and mechanical properties of PHB/UDMA resins in particular for 3D printed arm cast using SLA technique.

This study assesses the financial performance of conventional and takaful insurance businesses in Malaysia from 2016 to 2021, spanning a period of six years. The study utilizes financial ratio analysis to examine important metrics such as solvency, liquidity, profitability, efficiency, and underwriting performance across the two insurance systems. The data from five conventional insurance companies and five takaful operators is examined using descriptive statistics, Mann-Whitney tests, and panel data regression to identify significant variations and associations that affect financial results. The results highlight the different financial approaches and regulatory factors that affect the relative success of conventional and takaful insurance in Malaysia. The findings show that from the Mann-Whitney test, there are significant differences between the takaful and conventional sectors in terms of solvency, underwriting performance, and operating efficiency. From the panel data regression results, solvency and liquidity ratios show a significant relationship towards profitability for takaful operators. At the same time, for conventional insurance, only operating efficiency turns out to be significant.

Introduction: Patient engagement is an outcome of patients' behaviors caused by various factors such as their experiences as patients, doctors’ services and healthcare policies established by administrators. Purpose of the study: This study aims to develop a Patient Engagement Model across a multiracial society in Klang Valley. Methodology: The pilot study randomly sampled 100 patients, 100 doctors, and 50 administrators using self-administered questionnaires. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) procedure investigated the utility of measuring items and determined the dimensionality of the personalization, access, commitment, and therapeutic alliance constructs. Next, using the newly developed instruments, the field study obtained random samples of 685 patients, 365 doctors, and 90 administrators to survey using the self-administered questionnaires. The field data were used to verify the instruments using the Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) method. The descriptive data of sociodemographics were identified. Finally, Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) was performed to develop and propose a patient engagement model suitable for multiracial societies. Main Findings: The EFA procedure identified and maintained high factor loading items in the study, the Cronbach alpha for each group’s constructs was found to be higher than 0.5. Overall, the EFA has shown that the questionnaire has relatively good reliability and internal consistency. The CFA procedure verified the instruments measuring Personalization, Access, Commitment, and Therapeutic Alliance constructs for uni-dimensionality, validity, and reliability. The SEM procedure combined the structural models for each group with moderate to good fit and proposed a patient engagement model. The results identified interrelation between constructs and showed that patient engagement was highly influenced by PACT with the R2 of 0.926. 0.944 and 0.890 for the patient, doctor, and administrator groups respectively. Applications of this study: The result showed that the measurement model of the Patient Engagement constructs achieved moderate to a good fit and should be able to be used in the future of research. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study developed instruments to assess Patient Engagement specifically among Klang Valley patients and medical personnel. Klang Valley has the highest population of patients and doctors because it was Malaysia's most developed city.

This study explores the awareness of Quantum Communication Technology (QCT) among regulators, industry players, and academicians in Malaysia and investigates the issues and challenges affecting its adoption. Given the increasing risks of data breaches and the potential of QCT for secure communication, understanding stakeholders’ awareness and the barriers they face is essential for its future integration. These stakeholders play distinct yet interconnected roles: regulators are responsible for establishing clear policies and governance frameworks, industry players drive technological innovation and practical implementation, while academicians contribute through research and knowledge dissemination. Using qualitative research methods, specifically focus group discussions, the findings reveal that awareness of QCT remains limited, with stakeholders primarily focusing on developments outside Malaysia. The key challenges identified include inadequate infrastructure, lack of government support, absence of institutional coordination, security concerns, and a shortage of skilled workforce. These barriers highlight the urgent need for policy development, coordinated efforts, and strategic investment from all stakeholders to facilitate QCT adoption. This study contributes theoretically through the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory, focusing on the knowledge and persuasion stages to illustrate how awareness and attitudes shape the adoption process. Additionally, the findings offer practical insights by emphasizing the alignment of QCT adoption with Maqasid Shariah, particularly in protecting intellect and property which it is the key elements in Islamic principles. Future research should explore the decision and implementation phases to further support QCT integration in Malaysia. By enhancing awareness, fostering collaboration, and ensuring the active involvement of regulators, industry players, and academicians, Malaysia can build a strong foundation for the successful adoption of QCT.

Post-mortem microbiology (PMM) has been part of autopsy protocol for investigating of Sudden Unexpected Death of Infant and Childhood (SUDI and SUDC) to detect unexpected infections causing sudden death. Despite identifying pathogenic isolates, the interpretation is challenging due to multiple factors; often leaving the cause of death unexplained. In addition, there are substantial gaps in identifying risk factors and understanding the pathogenesis. To date, this is the first cross-sectional study on Malaysian SUDI and SUDC focusing on PMM, autopsy findings and virulence of bacterial isolates. This study aimed to describe the associations between post-mortem bacterial isolates and clinicopathological features in SUDI and SUDC in Klang Valley. Specifically, it focused on detailing the clinicopathological features and bacterial isolates, identifying types of bacteria, sampling sites, and growth culture outcomes, as well as determining the associations and virulence genes of these bacterial isolates. Autopsy data of all <5-year-old SUDI and SUDC cases performed in two tertiary centres in Klang Valley from 2018-2022 were extracted and analysed. Archived bacterial isolates were revived on culture media, subjected to phenotypic observation, molecular confirmation, and subsequent whole genome sequencing for virulence genes identification. A total of 118 SUDI and SUDC cases were identified, with majority of deaths occurring in <1-year-old 95/118 (80.5%) (p<0.05). Out of this total, 106 (89.8%) autopsies were conducted. PMM samplings were performed in 94 (88.7%) of these autopsies. A total of 217 PMM samplings were able to isolate microbial cultures in 92 (97.9%) of these 94 cases, identifying 179 (82.5%) organisms. The commonest positive sampling sites were from lower respiratory tract 99/217 (45.6%) and hemoculture (blood/spleen/liver) 72/217 (33.2%). Bacterial isolates account for the largest proportion of isolates at 163/179 (91.1%) with Klebsiella spp. 34/163 (20.9%), S. aureus 22/163 (13.5%) and E. coli 20/163 (12.3%) predominating. Klebsiella species with tissue haemorrhage and inflammation was associated with age group <1-year-old (p<0.001). PMM samplings detected unexpected infections contributory to death in 81/92 (88.0%) with bacterial aetiologies in 75/81 (92.6%), which contributes significantly to <1-year-old death (p<0.05). Virulence genes identified were related to adherence, exoenzyme, immune modulation, effector delivery system, exotoxin, biofilm, nutritional/metabolic factor, stress survival, antimicrobial activity/competitive advantage, regulation and invasion. Antimicrobial resistance genes observed were related to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin (MLS), rifampin, elfamycin, fluoroquinolones, fosfomycin, aminocoumarins, sulfaanomide and betalactams. Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates were found to have the greatest number of virulence factors, while Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli have the highest number of AMR genes amongst gram-positive (15/21, 71.4%) and negative (12/21, 57.1%) bacteria respectively. Infants <1-year-old are generally predisposed to bacterial infections due to immaturity of the immune system. However, in most cases infants do not display a noticeable infection focus. Hence, PMM remains to have critical value in SUDI/SUDC investigations. Identification of infective causes warrants a public health intervention so that further risk assessment can be done in the community to identify the source of the pathogen and provide insight into the epidemiology and socio-demographic factors. This may help in recognizing possible associated risk factors and thus, preventing further deaths.

This research proposal aims to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the popular local animated television series, Upin & Ipin, specifically on its portrayal of nonverbal communication and intercultural communication that has impacted to sustain local cultural identity. The study intends to dig deeper into the diverse nonverbal communication cues depicted by the plot structure and characters, examining their gestures, facial expressions and body language within various interpersonal and social contexts. Additionally, the research will explore how the show presents and navigates intercultural communication, addressing how cultural identities and diversities are portrayed and communicated through the characters' interactions and content perspectives. The proposed study seeks to employ a qualitative research approach, utilizing content analysis and thematic coding to systematically analyze selected clips and scenes. By examining the animation clips of non-verbal and intercultural communication within Upin & Ipin, this research aims to foster appreciation of Malaysia’s cultural diversity, contribute to the broader understanding of communication dynamics in popular media and their implications for large audiences, particularly in the context of contemporary culture and society.

Every person who has been accused of an offense must be punished under the legal framework including child offenders. In Malaysia, there are two courts that have the jurisdiction to hear and determine all such actions and proceedings involving child offenders namely the Court for Children and the Syariah Court. Both courts have different jurisdictions and procedures provided by the Enactments and Acts. Therefore, the objective of this study is to examine the application of rehabilitation punishment to the child offenders under Islamic law and criminal law in Malaysia. The study has used qualitative methods in collecting and analysing data through document analysis, field studies and interviews. Document analysis is from books, writing articles, journals and previous reported cases. Subsequently, this study has conducted field studies at Sekolah Henry Gurney Telok Mas, Melaka and the Syariah Lower Court of Kuala Selangor. This study also conducted interviews with the Police Officers of the Sekolah Henry Gurney Telok Mas, Melaka and the Judge of Syariah Lower Court of Kuala Selangor in order to analysis the data obtained. The results of this study found that the Court for Children has a jurisdiction to hear and determine all criminal offences and proceedings involving child offenders except for the offences listed under the jurisdictions of the State whereby the State that has given the jurisdiction to the Syariah Court to hear and determine all criminal offences and proceedings that related to Islamic matters and Muslim. This study also found that both courts are inclined to impose rehabilitation punishments to the child offenders and one of the forms of punishment is to order the child offender to be sent to rehabilitation schools. The results of the field studies also found that there were differences in the procedures and modules that had been applied at the Sekolah Henry Gurney Telok Mas, Melaka and Pusat Pemulihan Aqidah Baitul Iman, Hulu Yam Selangor. This study has contributed to a theoretical understanding of the differences between the application of rehabilitation punishment to child offenders under Islamic law and criminal law in Malaysia. This study of opinion that the module that has been applied at the Pusat Pemulihan Aqidah Baitul Iman, Hulu Yam Selangor is need for enhancement because it will be implemented on the child offender who has been convicted by the Syariah Court by providing a complete guidelines and legal framework specifically in terms of education of such child offender.

Despite the growing adoption of multimedia-based educational tools, specialized applications for Quranic learning among the Deaf community remain scarce. The Quran Isyarat mobile application was developed to address this gap by providing tailored learning experiences that accommodate the unique linguistic and cognitive needs of Deaf learners. This study evaluates the application's usability through a quantitative cross-sectional survey design, assessing effectiveness, efficiency, and user satisfaction. A total of 30 participants from the Online Tadarus Tanpa Suara (OTTS) program were selected through purposive sampling, based on the Krejcie and Morgan (1970) table. The System Usability Scale (SUS), a validated instrument with high reliability (Cronbach’s alpha > 0.85) and alignment with ISO 9241-11 usability principles, was used to measure usability. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics Version 24, with frequency and percentage for categorical data and mean and standard deviation (SD) for numerical data. Findings indicate a high usability rating, with 96% task completion success, 70% efficiency, and strong user satisfaction (M = 3.745, SD = 0.32). However, some challenges were identified, particularly regarding unclear interface elements and the complexity of the installation and sign-up processes, highlighting areas for improvement to enhance accessibility for Deaf users. Addressing these barriers is crucial for optimizing the app’s usability and fostering a more inclusive learning environment. Beyond this study, findings provide valuable insights for future research and development in assistive technology for Deaf learners, particularly in improving interface design, exploring first-time user experiences, and adopting mixed methods approaches to better understand user interactions. Ultimately, this research underscores the transformative potential of digital tools in Quranic education, paving the way for more inclusive, engaging, and effective learning experiences for the Deaf community.

The issue of decriminalization of medical marijuana has gained public attention globally due to the action of the National Commission on Narcotic Drugs (CND) to remove marijuana from Schedule IV is a new era for the legalization of marijuana around the world. More than 30 countries around the world have legalized the use of marijuana for medical purposes, with Canada being the first country to do so. The action resulted from the change in perception towards medical marijuana use, which is now believed to be safe, acceptable, and should be decriminalized. With the development of technology and access to information that is expanding in Malaysia, this change in perspective may also become more widespread among the Malaysian community. However, there is still a lack of scientific research and data regarding this content. The study aimed to examine the perception of the risk of medicinal marijuana and the acceptance of decriminalizing medical marijuana in Malaysia among police officers and substance abusers in the Kuala Lumpur area. A total of 168 respondents consisting of police officers and substance abusers in Kuala Lumpur, answered the questionnaire. The study results have shown a significant difference between police officers and substance abusers regarding the level of acceptance towards the decriminalization of medical marijuana in Malaysia, where the level of acceptance of substance abusers is slightly higher than that of police officers. At the same time, there is no difference between the perception of police officers and substance abusers regarding the perceived risk of medical marijuana use, where police officers have a higher perception of risk than substance abuse. Thus, further exploration of this phenomenon is needed, especially by increasing the sample size and expanding the study location to other states.

Unethical issues that have been discussed over the years are still not solved. The blame will be put on the accountant's shoulder if any unethical issues or scandal happens. Most future accountants in Malaysia are accounting graduates from Malaysian Institute of Accountants (MIA) accredited universities. Hence, this study is undertaken to examine whether accounting ethics courses, teaching styles and ethical culture will influence the ethical behaviour of accounting graduates. In addition, the study will also examine whether values (personal-professional values) will mediate the relationship of accounting ethics courses, teaching styles and ethical culture to the ethical behaviour of accounting graduates. There are two theories used which are; (i) Deep Learning Theory to explain the relationship of ethics education to values and ethical behaviour; and (ii) Hunt and Vitell Theory to explain the relationship of culture at workplace to values and ethical behaviour. The study's respondents comprise local accounting graduates from MIA-accredited universities with less than three years of experience in finance, accounting/auditing or related fields. Link to the e-survey is distributed to the Head of Accounting Departments from seventeen (17) local MIA-accredited universities to be distributed to the accounting alumnus who graduated in 2019, 2020 and 2021. The researcher distributed 400 questionnaires to respondents, however only 344 were usable. Data garnered is analysed using PLS-SEM. The findings show a positive and significant relationship between teaching style and ethical culture in workplace to values. It was also found that values mediate the relationship of teaching style and ethical culture at workplace with ethical behaviour. Some of the study's suggestions include that academics should deliver ethics courses using various teaching styles, employers should help instil ethical culture at the workplace by requiring employees to attend ethical training and that management should exhibit good values to the employees. This research will aid ethics instructors in imparting ethical principles to aspiring accountants, while also assisting governmental efforts to address instances of unethical conduct within the accounting sphere in Malaysia.

The educational landscape has undergone significant changes since the emergence of COVID-19, affecting all levels of education, including primary, secondary, and university. For the first time, e-learning has been fully integrated through various platforms tailored by each university. The rapid transition to e-learning in Malaysian public universities after the COVID-19 pandemic demands an in-depth study of the factors influencing student commitment and acceptance of e-learning, particularly the mediating role of al-Ghazali’s educational approach which is still underexplored in the existing literature. This study examines the mediating role of al-Ghazali’s educational approach on student acceptance of e-learning and commitment in Malaysian public universities. Assessing the level of student acceptance of e-learning and commitment throughout the teaching and learning process through e-learning is of great importance. This study uses a quantitative research paradigm with correlation, regression, and mediation methodologies. Stratified random sampling was used to obtain data from 350 students in 18 public universities in Malaysia. Mediation analysis was conducted to explore the role of al-Ghazali’s educational approach as a mediator between e-learning acceptance and student commitment. The findings of the study indicate that al-Ghazali's educational approach has a significant direct effect on the relationship between the level of student commitment and e-learning acceptance. This study supports the proposed hypothesis, indicating that al-Ghazali's educational approach plays an important role in determining the level of e-learning acceptance and student commitment. Overall, this study contributes to the literature on university students' commitment to e-learning and proves that all research objectives have been achieved. This study also strengthens the understanding of the impact of al-Ghazali's educational approach on commitment and acceptance of e-learning among university students.

Malaysian Halal Certification Procedure Manual (Domestic) 2020 has issued nine Malaysian halal certification schemes, up from seven previously. Every Malaysian halal certification application for large and medium-sized industries must meet the halal guarantee system (HAS) by creating a standard operating procedure (SOP) in writing related to and as a preparation in case of non-compliance that is necessary to the process, and this matter has been enshrined in the Malaysian Halal Management System (2020). The expansion of this scheme has made it difficult for islamic cleansing (sertu) services and industrial companies to practice the islamic cleansing (sertu) process. As a result, the objective of this study is to identify islamic cleansing (sertu) from the standpoint of jurisprudence according to the views of imams from the four schools of thought, examine the meaning and method of islamic cleansing (sertu) according to halal legislation in Malaysia, study the practise of islamic cleansing (sertu) in the industry carried out by Global Dibagh Sdn Bhd, and analyse the issues that arise as a result of it. The study's findings are formed into recommendations for improving Malaysian practises and industries. This study employs qualitative methodology such as document analysis, interviews, and observations. According to the study's findings, Malaysia needs to improve existing sertu guidelines to meet the requirements of Malaysia's nine halal certification schemes. This study also identified nine issues that need to be addressed in the book Sertu Guidelines According to Islamic Perspectives (2011) first, the conditions that are required to islamic cleansing (sertu). Second, the materials for islamic cleansing (sertu). Third, methods of islamic cleansing (sertu). Fourth, the islamic cleansing (sertu) method for the sensitive machine. Fifth, management of waste materials affected by mughallazah feces. Sixth, qualifications for performing the islamic cleansing (sertu) process. Seventh, the number of workers and the duration of islamic cleansing (sertu). Eighth, the state of the remaining washing water islamic cleansing (sertu) flowing to other locations. Finally, the cooperation of appropriate authorities. According to the findings of this study, competent authorities should develop clear and detailed islamic cleansing (sertu) guidelines that are easy to understand and apply in the nine halal certification schemes, which include industry players, islamic cleansing (sertu) service companies, and the public.

The scope of discussion in theology (ᶜilm al-kalām) includes the belief and faith of a Muslim in Allah SWT, in the unseen matters such as supernatural matters including the Day of Judgment, heaven, and hell as well as the discussion of sects in Islam or referred to as firaq. Many Muslim scholars discuss the philosophy or principles of the teachings of these sects, especially on faith matters, including Ibn Khaldun. Ibn Khaldun is an Islamic historian and sociologist who has gained recognition in the Muslim and Western worlds. He was famous through his magnum opus entitled the Muqaddimah, which introduces his historical book, Kitāb al-ᶜIbar, which presents the history of Arabs, ᶜAjam (non-Arabs), and Berber. However, the Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldūn is usually known for the theory of the fall and rise of civilization, economy, and education. It turns out that the Muqaddimah also discusses the division of knowledge and study of religions, including the study of firaq al-Islāmiyyah such as al-Ashāᶜirah, al-Khawārij, al-Shīᶜah, al-Mujassimah, and al-Muᶜtazilah. Ibn Khaldun also dedicates one subchapter entitled Shīᶜah tenets concerning the question of the imamate, which is the twenty-seventh subchapter under the third chapter in the Muqaddimah, namely on dynasties, royal authority, the caliphate, government ranks, and all that goes with these things to expounds the concept of imamate according to Shiism. Therefore, this study presents the opinion of Ibn Khaldun on Shiism as stated in the Muqaddimah. Through the method of qualitative study, specifically semantic content analysis on the Muqaddimah Ibn Khaldun on Shiism, there are four main themes regarding the discussion of Shiism in the Muqaddimah that can be discussed in this study. The four main themes are as follows: firstly, the definition of shīᶜah; secondly, sources and types of texts in Shiism; thirdly, sectarianism in Shiism; and fourthly, imamate/leadership. This study describes and analyzes these four themes with the views of the scholars of firaq from Sunnism or Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamāᶜah and compared with the views of Shiite scholars. There are some criticisms that Ibn Khaldun has given to the Shiite views on the issue of leadership that should be considered exemplary to modern researchers on the study of sects in Islam.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the Psychospiritual-Based Substance Abuse Prevention Module (MPPBBP) among youth residing in high-risk areas. The effectiveness of the MPPBBP module is assessed in terms of increasing awareness of drugs, spiritual level, self-control locus level, and self-assertiveness skills. This study applies a true experimental research design of randomized control group pretest-posttest design. The study population consists of youth students at ILP Jitra. Participants meeting the study criteria were selected through paired random sampling and assigned to two different groups: the Experimental Group (EG) n=40 and the Control Group (CG) n=40. The EG sample received intervention using the MPPBBP module, while the CG did not undergo any intervention. The study utilized four sets of research questionnaires: Drug Awareness Questionnaire, Psychospiritual Scale Questionnaire, Locus of Control Scale Questionnaire, and Rathus Assertiveness Schedule Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using paired t-test analysis and independent sample t-test. Results for the analysis reveals that the EG demonstrated significant improvements in all dependent variables: drug awareness levels, spirituality levels, self-control locus levels, and self-assertiveness skills. This study has implications for stakeholders to design programs involving psychospiritual elements for drug abuse prevention programs. Additionally, substance abuse counselors can implement the MPPBBP module, which utilizes a psychospiritual approach, in counseling guidance groups. Furthermore, the findings also open up new avenues for exploring psychospiritual approaches for use in implementing prevention programs for drug-abusing communities. Suggestions for further research is to include psychospiritual elements in drug abuse prevention programs. Additionally, future research should focus on conducting follow-up tests to assess the durability of the MPPBBP module and analyze the comparative effects of the MPPBBP module with other related interventions.

Humans need a balanced and safe diet in daily life. Food patterns undergo many changes and develop rapidly along with the advancement of technology and revolution. The fourth industrial revolution (IR 4.0) in the food sector has triggered a new method of food production for consumers which is three-dimensional bio-printed food technology (3DBP). It has successfully gained attention in the global market. The halalbased food industry also participates in exploring the 3DBP-based food product market and has the potential to provide many benefits. However, the implementation of 3DBP technology in the food industry raises many issues. Among them is its suitability to be used as a halal food supply chain, the lack of halal standards for each processing chain thus affecting food safety and the lack of previous studies that focus on the halal legal aspect of 3DBP meat. This aspect is important because it can eliminate irregularities and crimes in food production based on 3DBP. In addition, it will also protect every important component in the production of 3DBP-based food for commercial purposes and acceptance by the public. This study aims to identify the issues and problems found in producing 3DBP products based on a halal forensic perspective, analyze existing legal standards, and suggest a standard halal framework for three-dimensional bioprinted products ( 3DBP). The scope of the study is on meat products. This qualitative study uses document analysis and interviews in the data collection process. Inductive and deductive content analysis approaches are used as data analysis methods. The findings of this study are recommendations for the improvement framework of legislation and halal standards for 3DBP meat that need to be implemented by relevant parties based on the concept of halal forensics including syariah law, standards legislation related to halal, halal science, halal management and health implications.The results of this study can help the authenticity of 3DBP halal food to be certified and are expected to increase the economy through the wide availability of halal products in the market. Significant of the study is to provide reference data that can be used by academics and industry players and help legal authorities while protecting users from any risk and abuse. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to contribute to relevant parties in order to be able to provide 3DBP food that is safe, of good quality and in line with the requirements of Sharia and meet the community's dependence on the demand of the global market, especially for the use of the Muslim community.

Prophet Muhammad SAW emphasized the importance of women’s roles generally and mothers’ roles specifically through his hadiths. Mothers hold a significant role in the lives of their children. Consequently, numerous studies have explored the role of mothers from the perspective of hadith. However, the detailed discussion of a mother’s role according to hadith often lacks depth and fails to address the contextual meaning of the texts. Understanding the contextual meaning of a hadith is critical, as it prevents misinterpretations and enables the application of the hadith in contemporary contexts. Therefore, this research seeks to explore the contextual understanding of a mother’s role as outlined in the hadiths of Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāriyy. The objectives of this study are as follows: (1) to identify hadiths in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāriyy concerning the role of mothers towards their children, (2) to analyze the contextual meaning of these hadiths. And (3) to establish themes related to the role of mothers towards children based on the contextual understanding of the hadiths. This study employs a qualitative methodological approach. To achieve the first and second objectives, the document analysis method is used. Additionally, Semantic Field Theory, which focuses on the relationship between the word umm (mother) and its related terms, is applied to fulfill the first objective. For the third objective, an inductive thematic analysis method is employed, supported by the use of Atlas.ti software. The findings reveal that 27 hadiths in Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhāriyy are related to the role of mothers towards children. Contextual analysis of these hadiths identifies 56 items related to the mother’s role. From these items, four main themes are derived: Justification of the mother’s role, characteristics of mothers in relation to their children, methods and aspects of child education. Within the theme of child education, seven sub-themes are identified: spiritual, physical, emotional, ethical, material, social, and sexual aspects. These findings demonstrate that a contextual understanding of the hadiths provides deeper insights into the mother’s role compared to a literal interpretation. Moreover, this approach enables the application of the hadiths, spoken over fourteen centuries ago, to modern-day contexts.

The Quran represents a form of classical Arabic language which is the Word of Allah for life which is the greatest miracle of the Prophet SAW which contains various sources of knowledge that can be used as a guide to human beings in daily life. In order to understand the meaning of each verse, a deep knowledge of Arabic linguistics is very important. The scholars have worked by involving themselves in the work of explaining the words in the Quran and interpreting their meaning in Arabic and other languages. Many people are interested in knowing the content of the Quran, especially non- Muslims. Therefore, a complete model that can represent the concept of the Quran is needed for people to understand the content of the Quran. In this study, it is proposed to analyze the new model of Semantic Lexicology 'LEXICOLSEM' in surah al-Hajj ( (الحَجِّ based on the combination of Arabic Semantic Lexicology and the semantic relationship between words, to extract the concept of surah al-Hajj ( الحَجِّ ) a long enough surah in the Quran accurately based on surah Madani covering the Hajj, war, doomsday, and others. The existing literature only focuses on very limited relationships between words without considering the importance of Arabic Semantic Lexicology. The objective of this study (1) to propose a new model to extract concepts surah al-Hajj ( 2) ,(الحَجِّ ) to analyze the words in surah al-Hajj ( الحَجِّ ) according to Arabic Semantic Lexicological patterns, and research the lexicological semantic relationship words in surah al-Hajj الحَجِّ ) ), and (3) to verify the proposed model with Arabic linguists and Quran experts. This study will be conducted qualitatively and quantitatively through the approach of text analysis, questionnaires, and interviews. Based on the research conducted, the findings show that there is a significant relationship between teaching and the learning process of "LEXICOLSEM". This study can be considered as a contribution to the method of teaching and learning Arabic for non-Arabic speakers. This "LEXICOLSEM" model can be adapted by universities and Higher Education Institutions as a model in teaching and learning Arabic.

This thesis presents a new stream cipher algorithm. The new cipher algorithm have been proposed based on the existing Grain - 128 stream cipher algorithm. There are three main objectives in order to achieve this purpose. The first objective of this research is to identify the randomness of Grain - 128 of stream cipher algorithm. Next, the modification of the algorithm will be conducted against Grain - 128 stream cipher algorithm. Finally, the randomness testing of Modified Grain - 128 of stream cipher algorithm is conducted to determine whether this algorithm is random or not random. The comparison of Grain - 128 and Modified Grain - 128 will be evaluated by using NIST Statistical Test Suite. The NIST Statistical Test Suite was developed by collaboration between the Computer Security Division and the Statistical Engineering Division at National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST). The NIST Statistical Test Suite is conducted to determine the randomness of both algorithms. Conclusively, the Modified Grain - 128 is random based on 1% - 5% of significance level compared to the Grain - 128 which is not random at the same significance level.

In view of the religious restrictions and risks associated with consumption of lard, there is a growing need for lard detection methods in cooking oil that sold at low price in soft plastic packaging. In fact, it is very challenging to distinguish lard adulteration in used cooking oil due to the degradation and similarity of chemical composition. Therefore, this study is aimed to determine the potential of analytical techniques using GC (Gas Chromatography) combined with chemometrics technique for the detection of lard contamination in cooking oils that used by night market and food operators. Preliminary study was to determine the change of FAs (Fatty Acids) profile at different levels of lard in fi-ying palm oil at temperatures and times through PCA (Principal Component Analysis). In the second stage, compositional FAs of spiked lard in cooking oil were compared with blanks of palm oils and corn oils by a series of experiments involving the percentages of spiked lard in cooking oil (0 %, 1 %, 10 % and 20 %); temperatures of heating (120 O C, 180 C and 240 O C) and periods of frying (0.5, 1,2 and 3 hrs). The multivariate data was analysed using chemometrics by unsupervised techniques as PCA. A matrix size of 84 x 16 data set &om samples and FAs composition were subjected to PCA by observing Scores and Loadings plot. This chemometric technique was applied as calibration set to predict the test samples fkom the samples collection. PCA results showed that 4 groups were visualized fkom Scores plots which consist of 2 groups of control and spiked lard into palm olein samples (A & B, C, D, E), 2 groups control and spiked lard into corn oils (X & Y). The samples were unable to observe clearly because of each point is close each other. These can be identified manually by referring values of PC1 and PC1 in Scores tables. Loadings plot showed 3 clusters of FAs contribute to PCA model. FAs C18:2n6c and C18:3n3 were major contributed FAs in spiked lard for corn oil; and C18:ln9t, C18:2n6t and C16:O were prominent FAs in spiked lard for palm olein. The final study is the determination of lard residues which was carried out on collected samples from night market at Jalan Tunku Abdul Rahman (TAR) and Jalan Wangsa Maju, Kuala Lumpur. The results show that no lard was found in the collected samples.

This study focuses on the theme of jihad in Robert Spencer's opus namely The Truth about Muhammad: Founder of the World’s Most Intolerant Religion. In this book, he focuses on the Islamic history particularly in a series of military jihad and related events that happened in the early spread of Islam. The jihad concept in Islam has been abused by the radical jihadist movements that giving false impressions of Islam toward non- Muslims. Even more, the current worldwide radical movement bases the legitimacy of their violent actions on both the Qur’anic passages and the Prophet Muhammad PBUH’s Hadith. A lot of individuals believe that Islam promotes bloodshed by calling for jihad. Spencer believes that the global terrorism is associated with the deeds and the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH as he narrated in this book. Through the qualitative content analysis, this study was done to meet the research objectives as follows. Firstly, to introduce Robert Spencer’s biography. Secondly, to delineate Spencer’s perspectives on jihad war based on the chapter ‘Muhammad’s Legacy’. Thirdly, to analyse the concept of jihad by Spencer according to the Islamic understanding of jihad. Based on the Spencer’s view of jihad, this study finds that he has characterized the Prophet Muhammad PBUH as a person who teaches violent through his military command. And he believes the victory of the Messenger of Allah and his Companions in the battle field as a fuel factor for the radical jihadists. The findings of this study demonstrate that jihad is an endeavour and a means of achieving goals in accordance with His teachings because of Allah SWT, which include the armed jihad. The combative jihad in Islam must adhere to the rules established by Allah SWT, which forbid persecuting or treating people cruelly based on their religion. In light of this, Spencer's interpretation of jihad as committed by jihadists is obviously at contradictions with the jihad concept as the Prophet PBUH practiced. Based on this opus, the ideas of the other contemporary orientalists need to be scrutinizingly read and understand in order to avoid misinterpret the Islamic teaching. This study perhaps could contribute as one of the analyses in response to one of the Spencer’s ideas in his books that connect the teaching of the Messenger of Allah PBUH with the radical jihadist movements.